HomeMy WebLinkAbout07/14/1987 - Solid Waste Abatement Commission AGENDA
EAGAN SOLID WASTE ABATEMENT COMMISSION
TUESDAY
JULY 14, 1987
11:30 A.M.
EAGAN MUNICIPAL CENTER
CONFERENCE ROOMS A & B
I. ROLL CALL AND APPROVAL OF MINUTES
II. OLD BUSINESS
A. Reuter Resource Recovery Resolution
III. NEW BUSINESS
A. Draft Eagan Strategy for Landfill Abatement
IV. DISTRIBUTION
A. Waste Management Legislation
B. Recycling Lesson Plans
C. Northland Recycling
V. OTHER BUSINESS
VI. ADJOURNMENT
MEMO TO: CHAIRS HOEL AND MANN AND ALL MEMBERS OF THE SOLID WASTE
ABATEMENT COMMISSION
FROM: JON HOHENSTEIN, ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT
DATE: JULY 10, 1987
SUBJECT: EAGAN SOLID WASTE ABATEMENT COMMISSION MEETING FOR
TUESDAY, JULY 14, 1987
A meeting of the Eagan Solid Waste Abatement Commission is scheduled
for Tuesday, July 14, 1987 at 11:30 a.m. in the Eagan Municipal
Center Conference Rooms A and B. Lunch will be served. Please
contact Jon Hohenstein at 454 -8100 if you are unable to attend this
meeting. Staff will make an effort to contact you on the day
preceding the meeting to confirm your attendance. However, my
membership data base does not include all of your work phone
numbers, so I would appreciate your contacting me ahead of time if
at all possible. The following discussion is intended to provide
background on those items to be reviewed at the meeting on Tuesday:
I. ROLL CALL AND APPROVAL OF MINUTES
A copy of the minutes of the Solid Waste Abatement Commission
meeting of June 9, 1987 is enclosed for your review on pages 01 72
through These minutes, subject to any change, require
approval by the Commission.
Subject of Approval
MINUTES OF THE SOLID WASTE ABATEMENT COMMISSION MEETING
Eagan, Minnesota
June 9, 1987
A meeting of the Eagan Solid Waste Abatement Commission was held on
Tuesday, June 9, 1987, at 11:30. The following members were present: Earl
Milbridge, Tom Mann, Doug Wilcox, Darlene Bahr, Jon Hohenstein and Terry
Schnell alternate. Absent were Tom Yehle, Duane Soutor, Larry Knutson, Tim
Hoel, and Delmar DeBilzan. Also present were Administrative Intern Bruce
Robertson and Engineering Intern Cathy Meuwissen.
MINUTES
Upon motion by Schnell, seconded by Milbridge, all members voting in
favor, the minutes of the May 12, 1987, Solid Waste Abatement Commission
meeting were approved.
3M INCINERATION FACILITY TOUR
Hohenstein indicated that a tour of the 3M Incineration Facility had
been arranged with the company representatives. After some discussion
regarding individual schedules, the group decided to meet at the Eagan
Municipal Center at 3:00 on June 18, 1987, for the trip to the facility.
ORGANIZED COLLECTION STUDY CONSULTANT
Hohenstein discussed at length the two consulting companies that had
made proposals for the City's organized refuse collection study. The areas of
expertise and references of each company were discussed. He stated that Pope -
Reid had submitted a proposal at $10,820 and Malcolm Pirnie one at $25,000,
later reduced to $15,000. Representatives of both companies had been
interviewed on the evening of June 8, 1987, by a review committee consisting
of three City staff members. Both companies had met the minimum
specifications and indicated a 12 week completion schedule. Additional
discussion followed regarding the $4,000 price difference between Malcolm
Pirnie and Pope-Reid. Hohenstein indicated that the Commission had budgeted
$11,000 for the study through Dakota County's Landfill Abatement Fund. If the
Commission decided to recommend the more expensive consultant it would have to
go to either the City Council or Dakota County for the additional funds.
After additional discussion, upon motion by Bahr, seconded by
Schnell, the Commission voted four to one, with Mann voting against, to accept
Pope -Reid Associates to perform the organized refuse collection study.
1
1988 BUDGET RECOMMENDATIONS
Hohenstein discussed the need to develop a 1988 budget for the
Commission. He explained that deadlines for staff submission of budget
requests required commission action at this time. Bahr discussed, in depth,
her concern that Dakota County funds may be limited in the future and a
variety of funding mechanisms must be considered. Commission members
discussed the use of user fees, volume based fees and zero based budgeting
system. Bahr also expressed concerns regarding the proposed budget for 1988
that was developed by staff and enclosed in the Commission's packet. She
expressed concern that the proposed budget revenues were lower than proposed
expenditures. Hohenstein indicated the figures in the proposed budget were
actually a range of possible revenues and expenditures and could be adjusted
accordingly
After additional discussion, upon motion by Bahr, seconded by
Milbridge, all members voting in favor, the Commission voted in support of the
proposed budget developed by staff, but under a plan that all expenditures
must be justified by the Commission under a zero -based budgeting system.
REUTER RESOURCE RECOVERY
Hohenstein discussed briefly the tour of the Reuter Resource
Recovery Facility which many Commission members had attended on May 26, 1987.
Hohenstein also reviewed a resolution prepared by Reuter staff designed to
exempt cities from county waste designation ordinances. Hohenstein cautioned
the Commission on the effect of such a resolution. Commission members
inquired if the City had asked its legal staff to review the document for its
legal impact. Hohenstein indicated that the City attorney could review the
documents for the Commission in the next few weeks. Hohenstein stated another
tour of the Reuter facility would be held on a Tuesday sometime in the next
few weeks for those Commission members who were not able to attend the last
tour.
After additional discussion, upon motion by Bahr, seconded by
Schnell, all members voting in favor, the Commission acknowledged receipt of
the Reuter resolution and to direct staff to address the issue of the county
designation ordinance.
ADJOURNMENT
The meeting was adjourned at 1:38 p.m.
BR
Date Chair Person
Secretary
3
II. OLD BUSINESS
A. Reuter Resource Recovery Resolution -- Enclosed on pages
through _ you will find a copy of the staff memo concerning a
resolution prepared by Reuter Resource Recovery for consideration by
the City. At the time of this dictation, staff is yet to receive a
response from the City Attorney's Office in this matter. While the
intent expressed by Reuter in forwarding this draft to us is that it
allows cities to maintain flexibility as the County begins its
designation of wastes. However, because of the specific reference
to the Reuter Company as the designee for City waste, it would
appear that the resolution would unnecessarily restrict the community
from precisely the type of flexibility which it is intended to
provide.
ACTION TO BE CONSIDERED ON THIS MATTER: To recommend, modify or not
recommend adoption of the draft resolution by Reuter Resource
Recovery for City Council consideration.
MEMO TO: CITY ATTORNEY HAUGE
FROM: ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT HOHENSTEIN
DATE: JUNE 22, 1987
SUBJECT: REUTER RECYCLING RESOLUTION
Attached you will find a copy of a resolution prepared by Reuter
Resource Recovery staff for consideration by the City. I have
indicated that we would review this resolution but have made no
representations on the part of the City as to whether or not it
is supportable. Please review the resolution and the pertinent
law, specifically, that cited within the resolution to determine
the impact it may have on the City where it passed.
Reuter has represented that the effect of such a resolution would
be only to exempt the City from Dakota County's waste designation
ordinance. However, it appears to go beyond that by designating
Reuter as the specific waste processing vendor.
By way of background, my understanding of the solid waste law is
that Dakota County has the power to designate all of its wastes
to a particular processing alternative, specifically that
developed and operated by the County. Cities may request
exemptions from that designation if they have identified
alternatives for processing their own wastes. Obviously, a
facility of efficient scale would depend upon the designation of
all Dakota County wastes. Conversely, the County may mandate
unacceptable expectations upon cities if it designates its waste
prior to identifying all elements of the waste processing
strategy they intend to implement. Therefore, the City may be
well served by a resolution which protects its rights in the
event that the County chooses unacceptable waste management
alternatives, but the City lacks the information and expertise at
the present time to designate a particular processing
alternative.
I would appreciate your prompt attention to this matter as the
Solid Waste Commission has requested an opportunity to discuss
this matter further at its next meeting which will be July 14.
If you have any questions in this regard, please contact me.
• 1 inistrative Assistant
Attachment
JDH /j eh
r f
RESOLUTION NUMBER
4
WHEREAS, the City of , Minnesota ("City") is
located in the County of Dakota;
AND WHEREAS, the County of Dakota is commencing a designation
procedure for its solid waste and must therefore, in accordance
with Minnesota Statutes Section 115A.84, Subd. 3, submit its
designation plan to the Metropolitan Council for review and
approval;
AND WHEREAS, after January 1, 1990, all solid waste must be
processed prior to being landfilled;
AND WHEREAS, the recyclable materials contained in mixed
municipal solid waste must be separated from the waste;
AND WHEREAS, yard waste material must be separated from the
waste;
AND WHEREAS, the City cannot control the flow of waste generated
and collected within its city limits unless the collection of
such waste is organized in accordance with Minnesota Statutes
Section 115A.94, Subd. 2;
AND WHEREAS, the County of Dakota, in accordance with Minnesota
Statutes Section 473.803, Subd. 10;, must, by December 1, 1988,
submit for Metropolitan Council approval, a local recycling
• implementation strategy;
AND WHEREAS, in accordance with Minnesota Statutes Section
473.803, Subd. (b), this recycling implementation strategy
must include yard waste composting and recycling that occurs at a
waste facility before the combustion of waste or the conversion
of waste to materials for combustion;
AND WHEREAS, Reuter Recycling, Inc. of Eden Prairie, Minnesota is
currently processing waste to materials for combustion and is
separating yard waste and is recycling materials before the waste
is converted to materials for combustion;
AND WHEREAS, said facility has adequate capacity to process the
waste generated and collected in the City;
NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED:
THAT CITY STAFF IS HEREBY DIRECTED TO:
1) Take the necessary steps in accordance with Minnesota
Statutes Section 115A.94, Subd. 2 to prepare for the transition
to an organized collection system in the City.
2) Negotiate a contract with Reuter Recycling, Inc. of Eden
Prairie, Minnesota to allow the City (or its designated
hauler(s)) to deliver the solid waste to said facility for the
purpose of processing the waste, separating the yard waste,
recycling the materials which can be recycled by said facility,
all before the conversion of the waste to material for
combustion.
3) Notify the County of Dakota and the Metropolitan Council of
the plans and intentions of City.
4) Request approval by the Metropolitan Council that upon the
completion of the requirements, the City's waste, in accordance
with Minnesota Statutes Section 115A.83, be exempted from the
Dakota County Designation Plan and Ordinance.
7 42 / ,;
r7
III. NEW BUSINESS
A. Eagan Strategy For Landfill Abatement -- Enclosed on pages 9
through y3 _ you will find a Draft Strategy Statement for
consideration by the Commission. Certain elements of the statement
remain in outline form and may be expanded at a later time.
You will note that the principal findings have been categorized as
General Findings, Recycling Related Elements and Economic Issues. I
have attempted to review past minutes and packets to parallel as
closely as possible issues and concerns raised by Commission members
in reviewing waste abatement alternatives. The strategy arises out
of these findings and is consistent with the waste management
development model previously discussed by the Commission.
In lition to the Draft Strategy Statement, you will find on pages
through ]
r articles pertinent to the Citizens League
Report, "A New Weigh To Recycle ". Staff will make available
specific sections of that report for your consideration at the
meeting. It is significant to note that the report parallels many
of the findings of the Commission regarding free market contribution
to the solution of the problem and the need for price structures
which encourage recycling on an economic level.
Unfortunately, vacations and the budget cycle will prevent the
Commission from having a joint meeting with the City Council to
review this matter before September. Therefore, additional time is
afforded to modify, expand and develop this draft.
ACTION TO BE CONSIDERED ON THIS MATTER: To modify and develop the
Eagan Solid Waste Abatement Commission Draft Strategy Statement.
DRAFT
EAGAN SOLID WASTE ABATEMENT COMMISSION
STRATEGY STATEMENT
I. LEGISLATIVE MANDATE AND AUTHORIZATION
A. Minnesota Waste Management Act of 1980
B. Metropolitan Council Solid Waste Management
Development Guide and Policy Plan
C. Dakota County Solid Waste Masterplan
II. GENERAL CONCEPTS
A. Waste Reduction
B. Source Separation
C. Centralized Separation
D. Centralized Processing
E. Land Disposal
III. REVIEW OF CONCEPTS AND VENDORS - Since August of 1986,
the SWAC has studied and discussed the folowing issues
and concepts with the listed resource persons.
A. Metropolitan Council Mandate - Jim Uttley
B. Dakota County Waste Abatement Planning - Warren
Wilson
C. Dakota County Hazardous Waste Planning - George
Kinney
D. Goodwill Industries - Attended Donation Center -
Del Edwards
E. MSD /Supercycle - Recycling Redemption Center,
Curbside Collection, Reverse Vending - Linda
Bartels
F. Rohn Industries - Business Paper Recycling -
Dennis Fields
G. Reuter Resource Recovery - Centralized Separation
and Refuse Derived Fuel - Doug Reuter and Jerry
Misukanis
H. Waste Management Inc. - Co- Composting - Lanny Ross
I. Tours - Reuter RDF Facility and 3M Hazardous Waste
Incinerator
J. Monitoring Legislation - Organized Collection and
Container Deposit
K. Monitoring Citizens League Recycling Study
IV. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
A. General Findings
1. The mandate for solid waste management
clearly states the responsibility of cities
to implement a landfill abatement strategy.
2. Landfill abatement through recycling, etc.
has a positive effect on the Metropolitan
systems and environment by reducing landfill
use and resource contamination while reducing
demand for non - renewable resources.
3. Waste management is, in the largest sense, a
public service due to its health, safety and
welfare implications. Although, in the past,
it has been provided through privatization by
free enterprise.
4. Recycling, due to its larger public purpose
of reducing environmental and other impacts,
can be viewed as part of that public service.
5. The private sector and market can continue to
provide a mechanism for waste abatement,
given appropriate conditions. However,
government mechanisms may be necessary to
guide market forces and quantify hidden
costs.
6. Education will be the key to any successful
waste abatement strategy.
B. Recycling and Resource Recovery
1. Given an adequate delivery system and
incentive structure, recyclable resources can
be effectively removed from the waste stream.
2. The Metropolitan Council targets for waste
abatement cannot be met by the 1988 deadline,
due to the stage of Dakota County's waste
management development. The City would be
premature in implementing any comprehensive
waste abatement strategy until the County
program is better developed.
3. Convenience and a sense of personal benefit
will be keys to the implementation of a
recycling program.
4. No recycling program will receive 100%
compliance and, therefore, there is a need
for centralized separation technologies to
effectively remove recoverable resources.
The costs of such centralized processing
should be focused on those who do not source
separate, thereby contributing to the
economic incentive structure of the waste
mangement system.
5. Residential and business recycling needs are
of a different character and must be
addressed separately.
C. Economic Considerations
1. The current open hauling system with
relatively inexpensive land disposal does not
address landfill abatement objectives and
will have to be modified by new market
realities, rate structures, local regulation
and /or public demand for waste abatement.
2. The centralized processing technology adopted
by the County will dramatically impact the
/0
obligation of the City and the costs it may
have to bear.
3. Volume based fees will be an essential
element of an effective waste abatement
strategy.
4. The County is in a unique position to affect
the rate structure and the economic realities
of recycling due to its intention to
designate County wastes to a centralized
processing facility. By charging more for
mixed wastes and less for that with
recyclables removed, the County facility can
encourage recycling through the market
mechanism and reduce the need for unnecessary
public expenditures.
5. Certain abatement alternatives will benefit
from centralization among cities or for the
County as a whole due to economies of scale.
V. DRAFT STRATEGY FOR WASTE ABATEMENT
A. Provide voluntary recycling and source separation
opportunities to Eagan residents at the least
possible public cost and through the private
sector where possible (recycling centers, compost,
business recycling).
B. Provide voluntary waste reduction alternatives
like back yard composting through ordinance
amendment.
C. Address hazardous waste collection issues
including physical collection, costs and
liability.
D. Analyze collection and recycling alternatives
through the Organized Collection Study. Prepare
to implement as rising disposal costs increase
incetives to source separate and centrally
separate.
E. Recommend that Dakota County:
1. Choose a central processing alternative which
includes a centralized separation component.
2. Identify the preferred central processing
technology and the City obligations and costs
it implies prior to enactment of the
designation ordinance.
3. Implement a rate structure for the processing
facility which encourages source separation
by passing through the real costs of mixed
waste processing.
4. Centralize and coordinate programs which will
benefit from economies of scale: centralized
separation, compost, recycling markets, etc.
5. Standardize education materials for schools
and cities to help develop habits and
attitudes for separation and recycling.
6. Specifically request a blanket exclusion from
1/
the Metropolitan Council's 1988 mandatory
source separation requirement for all Dakota
County cities to allow them to come into
compliance as the County implements its waste
processing facility.
E. Develop a comprehensive waste management system
combining appropriate public and private elements
by modifying and expanding on the City's initial
plan. Such modification to be consistent with the
development of Dakota County's waste management
program.
VI. CONCLUSION
The City of Eagan has a mandated public policy
obligation to address landfill and solid waste
abatement in the immediate future. The mandate will
require some expenditure of public funds and public
effort, but such costs can be substantially mitigated
by the proper application of incentives to and
regulation of free enterprise. Dakota County is in a
unique position to encourage recycling by establishing
a two - tiered price structure mixed and separated wastes
at its centralized processing facility. The City of
Eagan has an obligation to insure the provision of this
service through the appropriate application of public
and private effort.
POTENTIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT MODEL
1988 -89 Drop-off Centers (Compost & Recycling)
(Collection Modifications)
1989 -90 Rou ed Collection Alternatives
4
(Rising Costs)
1990 -91 Incr Desire to Separate
1991 -92 Comprehensive Waste Abatement System
73
Region's recycling goal is too modest
From The New Weigh to Recycle, a is the primary means of waste dis- should be experienced by waste able competition on an equal level
Citizens League report. posal ... handling about 95 percent generators who choose to recycle. for waste supply. The Legislature
of the waste. Total spending (on But the savings never are seen ... should phase out counties' "flog•
ery person (in the Twin Cities waste management) in the ... area the fee for waste collection and control" authority. u
area) generates about one ton of is more than $130 million per year disposal is not reduced as the vol-
waste per year. The Metropolitan ... ume of waste disposed is reduced. Until advantages that some waste
Council estimates that daily waste Moreover, should generators pay a management options enjoy are
generation (will) increase ... to The Metropolitan Council calls fee for recycling services, their to- phased out, temporary public ti-
more than 6,000 tons by 1995. for; by 1990, 80 percent (of waste) tal spending would be higher than nancial support should be given to
Generally, waste management to- central processing, 16 percent if they just used disposal services. recycling and other acceptable op-
day is conducted by an open, com- source separation (and recycling), Hence, most waste generators tions. Municipalities should insure
petitive waste industry. Landtilling and 4 percent reduction. The most don't consider recycling. Accord- that recycling opportunities will be
frequently considered types of cen- ingly, few private entrepreneurs available by a determined date to
tral processing are mass burn and offer recycling services because all waste generators. The Legisla-
J u st a tiny refuse- derived fuel (RDF). Source there is little assurance of a supply ture should "trigger" a container
separation is the means to generate of recyclables. deposit system if Minnesota is not
a supply of recyclables; it does not recycling 6 percent of its waste by
tourism ensure actual recycling. Recycling will have its best chance four years after volume -based
at becoming a viable waste man- pricing of waste management serv-
The goal of recycling 16 percent of agement option when barriers are ices is required. A reasonable
Arnold Hewes, executive vice presi- the waste stream is too modest, removed. The biggest barrier is the benchmark for success is six per -
dent, Minnesota Restaurant, Hotel since at least one -half of all waste economic disincentive to recycle. cent because that is the amount
and Resort Association, at Citizens generated is recyclable ... (includ- The economics of waste manage- that would be recycled through a
League May 12. ing) paper, glass, aluminum, me- ment must be restructured ... A true container deposit system.
tats, and yard wastes ... Recycling, dollar value must be put on waste.
Most people ... say ... resorts are while it should not bg expected to
tourism. Okay, imagine you've got solve any environmental prob- Recommendations: The Legisla-
a pie or a tourism dollar, the resort lems, is an environmentally accep- ture should require that fees for City speedway
industry in Minnesota accounts for table way to manage waste and it waste collection and disposal serv-
about 4 to 5 percent of the eco- could build economic efficiency ices be volume- sensitive. Waste
nomic impact of the total tourism into the management system. generators should be charged for Luther Don in the Princeton Union
dollar ... The lodging industry as a waste collection and disposal serv- Eagle May 28.
whole, including resorts, gets 17 The expenses of collecting and ices based upon the volume of
nts of that tourism dollar... processing recyclables usually ex- waste they set out for such services I've seriously avoided getting
ceed the revenue from (material) ... Municipalities should develop caught in rush -hour traffic in t1.__.,/
Your roadside ... mom and pop sales. (But) recycling services are and implement public information Twin Cities for a long time now
type motel, 10 or 15 units along- much cheaper to employ than and education programs in coor- and 1 was reminded why ... when I
side a state highway in Minnesota, waste disposal services. If these dination with recycling operators. found myself in the midst of all
faces some very tough times in the two waste management options — The Metropolitan Council also those Bobby Unser pretenders on
years ahead. Some people would recycling and disposal — were set should develop general public in- 1494. Actually, having a few thou -
say that property is almost a dino- side -by -side, recycling would be formation programs that can be sand Bobby Unsers ahead, behind
saur, that within the next 15 or 20 the competitive choice. used by municipalities. Competi- and on the side of my car wouldn't
years those mom and pop type tive advantages to any waste man- have been too bad. Anyone who's
motels are going to get fewer and But recycling as a waste manage- agement method must be phased driven on the Indianapolis Speed -
fewer ... ment option is under- utilized to- out. Once it is satisfied that only way would have much more of a
day. It is commanding only 3 per- proven, acceptable (waste man- clue about driving in rush -hour
The resort industry ... is in a state of cent of the metropolitan area's agement) techniques are operat- traffic than those who drive in it
transition ... This is a tough mes- waste stream. There must be some ing, (the Legislature) should en- every day.
sage for the resorters themselves to fundamental reasons for this in-
accept. But we've been trying to congruity — that a waste man -
educate our members to the fact agement option that is both envir-
that 20 years ago in Minnesota, a onmentally and economically Mi nnesota Journal
resort was basically a cabin, beneficial is hardly considered an SECOND CLASS
maybe without plumbing, and option. Citizens League POSTAGE PAID
there's still some of those around ... Suite 500 AT MINNEAPOLIS
It was a cabin alongside of a lake. The prevailing problem is that the 708 S. Third St. MINNESOTA
The lake had some fish in it, and pricing structure of waste man- Minneapolis, MN 55415
there was a fishing boat sitting be- agement today rewards the gener-
side the cabin. And for maybe ation and disposal of waste, and
about $250 a week, or $200 or discourages recycling. Most waste
$300, you could rent that cabin generators can dispose of unlimit-
and go up and take the family and ed amounts of waste without fi-
have a vacation experience for a nancial penalties. There is no dif- Jon and Sue Hohenst e i n
- " "eek... ferentialpricingbaseduponthe City of Eagan
quantity of waste they generate, so 3830 Pi lot Knob Road ,..i
rk nd so what does the traveler want there is an incentive to dispose. Eag an, MN 55122
today? ... What they really want is Clearly, this discourages use of
all the amenities of home put on any other options, including recy-
that Lakeshore in that cabin ... The cling.
thing that the resort industry has to
understand is that the vacationer Recycling costs less than waste I
today is willing to pay for that. collection and disposal. Savings
I , ......-. CI 4no7
•
Minneapolis Star and Tribune
Established 1867 Roger Parkinson Publisher and President
Joel R. Kramer Executive Editor
Tim J. McGuire Managing Editor
Robert J. White Editorial Editor
18A • Friday /June 12/1987
To reveal recycling's true value
Stop treating recycling like a poor stepsister to tional cost to their waste- management budgets.
landfills and waste incineration, the Citizen's Instead of saving $50 for each ton of material
League admonishes in its report, "A new weigh to separated for recycling, government pays $12
recycle." The league estimates that at least half the more than if the same material were deposited in a
metro area waste has recycling potential. While it's landfill. High - priced incinerators and more expen-
doubtful that potential can ever be fully realized, sive landfills may tip the balance, but the true
recycling is clearly an underused alternative to savings from recycling would remain hidden un-
landfilling and incineration. The league offers der flat collection fees.
sou .d recommendations for giving recycling a
mote prominent role. To end this artificial bias against recycling, the
Citizens League urges the Legislature to require
The - average net cost of collecting and processing that garbage collection and disposal fees be linked
recyclable materials runs almost $S0 a ton less to volume. A homeowner who set out four cans
thap collecting and dumping the same material in would pay more than one who set out two. Waste
a landfill. When incineration plants and a new generators and local government thus would be
generation of landfills with environmental safe- encouraged to recycle and share in the financial
guars come on line, the difference could exceed savings the practice generates.
$70?a ton. The metro area now generates 5,600
tonl of waste a day. The Metropolitan Council Introducing volume- based•collection and disposal
holes to recycle 16 percent of it by 1990. If the fees would not be simple. Cities and counties need
cot{iseil goal were reached, the potential savings to ensure that fees they impose to encourage
could exceed $62,000 a day, or $23 million each recycling do not also discourage disposal bf unre-
year; If the metro area could actually approach a cyclable material and lead to unsightly clutter.
50 percent recycling rate, savings could approach
$71:"tnillion yearly. An additional concern involves ways of economi-
cally recycling leaves and grass clippings. Unlike
But the metro -area waste- management system other recyclable materials, leaves and grass have
isn't structured to capture that savings. Most waste negligible value to offset the cost of collection. Yet
generators – whether homeowners and renters or they account for 15 percent of all waste disposed
businesses — pay a flat fee for garbage collection of during the fall. Several cities and Hennepin
and :disposal no matter how much less they pro- County are experimenting to see if those materials
duce. Holding out recyclables thus imposes addi can be collected for composting at a cost competi-
tional costs — in time, effort, inconvenience and tive with the cost of disposal.
the expense of storage containers.
Such problems are solvable. The Citizens League
Cities and towns similarly have little financial is right in its general thrust: If recycling is to play
incentive to offer recycling programs. Because they its proper role in Twin Cities waste management,
pay flat collection fees even if the volume of the use of flat fees for waste collection and disposal
rbage declines, recycling merely adds an addi- must end.
/5
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Source: St. Paul Dispatch Pioneer Press, June 11, 1987
•
COUNTY RECYCLING EFFORT
Few easy steps ps to aid
conservation much
D uring the age of cheap energy and throwaway
convenience, recycling became as rare as the practice of
darning holes in old socks. But high energy prices,
disappearing landfill space and a mandate from the
Minnesota Legislature have given recycling a new urgency.
Beginning next month, residents in St. Paul and most of Ramsey
County will be able to join the needed effort to reduce the flow of
solid waste.
Experts once believed that the sales of recyclable material
would support collection programs. They were sadly mistaken.
While picking up cans, glass, newspapers and cardboard is
expensive, markets for recyclables have remained mostly soft. To
ensure financial stability, Ramsey County is underwriting the new
recycling effort. Funds will come from a special property
assessment levied across the county. Households are being charged
$2.24 annually, apartments $ 1.12. It's a small price to pay for a
valuable service.
Except for isolated instances, the curbside pickup service will be
managed by the Neighborhood Energy Consortium and operated by
Super Cycle. While times and dates for pickup vary among
communities and districts, they are being publicized often to ensure
that everyone knows when to place recyclables on curbs. Keeping
the public informed will remain vital to the continuing success of
the recycling program.
Residents must follow a few simple rules. First, they should •
separate recyclables into four groups: (1) aluminum and tin
beverage and food containers (preferably crushed), (2) glass
bottles (no window pane), (3) newspapers and (4) cardboard. Items
should be packed in either recyclable cardboard boxes or paper
grocery bags (plastic garbage bags will not be accepted).
Recycling is important because it conserves natural resources,
saves energy, helps preserve landfill space and costs about $80 a
ton less than processing garbage. In addition, the Legislature set
1990 as the year in which communities in the seven - county metro
area must stop sending unprocessed wastes to landfills.
Although well - conceived, the St. Paul and Ramsey County
recycling system is not perfect. Recycling needs to be tied more
directly to the garbage collection system. As the Citizens League
correctly pointed out in a recent study, garbage pickup fees should
be based on volume rather than on a flat charge. By being charged
according to volume, residents who recycle would be rewarded
through lower garbage collection fees. Officials ought to consider
changing the fee structure.
In addition, the solid waste collection system does not adequately
address yard wastes. Dry leaves are not a concern, but wet grass
clippings promise to reduce the energy level in boiler fuel that will
be produced by the Newport waste- to-energy plant. Eight
composting sites scattered throughout the city and county attract
only about 10 percent of the county's yard wastes. Officials wisely
are studying the problem.
While the recycling program won't begin until July, residents
should begin saving their recyclables immediately. A little effort
by a lot of people will go a long way in preserving the environment.
•
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IV. DISTRIBUTION
A. Waste Management Legislation -- Enclosed on pages ,2 O through
a a, you will find copies of a synopsis of legislative actions in
the area of Waste Management in the recent session. This synopsis
was provided by Doug Wilcox who attends and participates in
Commission meetings.
B. Recycling Lesson Plans -- Enclosed on pages a 3 through
you will find copies of the Recycling Lesson Plans prepared by the
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. Copies of same
have been forwarded to Dakota County for their consideration in
preparing educational materials for the County Waste Abatement
effort.
C. Northland Recycling -- Enclosed on page 3 you will find a
copy of an article concerning Northland Recycling Incorporated, a
firm which provides commercial recycling services to the food and
beverage industry in the Metropolitan area.
1
• Bills passed (continued)
Public Education on - exempts recyclable materials Household Hazardous
Waste Management ge net organized nerato r o r collection collector if demon- the
Waste Management ,
generator or or e
strates that recycling will
DESCRIPTION actually occur DESCRIPTION
requires Waste Management Board - encourages assistance in - authorizes MPCA to set up per -
to provide for the development planning and developing organ- monent household hazardous waste
and implementation of a program ized collection from interested program providing two major
of general public education on persons, including solid waste services: (I) distribution of
waste management in cooperation collectors educational and technical
and coordination with the MPCA, materials including general
Metropolitan Council, Department - requires public notice and public information and a hotline
of Education. Deportment of hearing before implementation for disposal advice; (2) opera -
Agriculture, State Plonning tion of household hazardous
Agency. Environmental Quality - allows counties to require woste collection sites including
Board, Environmental Education cities and towns to organize support for one -day collection
Board, educational institutions, solid waste collection projects and satellite offices
and other public agencies with to provide on -going but low
responsibility for waste manage- - authorizes counties to require profile collections
ment or public education (by county ordinance) source
separation and separate collec- - provides coveroge of volunteers
IMPACT tion of recyclable materials, who assist at MPCA programs by
and to require cities and towns workers' compensation if they
- develops increased public to meet the county solid waste have no other coverage
awareness of and interest in plan goals for source separation
environmentally sound waste IMPACT
management methods IMPACT
- provides reasonable accessible
- encourages better informed - establishes orderly planning household hazardous waste mon-
decisions on waste management process agement means to every Minnesota
issues by business, industry, citizen in a manner which pro -
local governments, and the - encourages public and private tects public health and the
public sector input environment
- disseminates practical informs- - clarifies legislative intent to - assures volunteers of protection
tion about ways in which house- spread anti -trust protection to if injured
holds and other institutions and cities and towns and those under
organizations can improve the their supervision
management of waste
Pilot Project - Waste
- provides a clearinghouse for
consistent public education on Pesticide Collection
waste issues City or Town Fee DESCRIPTION
- coordinates waste education Authority - authorizes MPCA to implement 0
among agencies pilot program to experiment with
- encourages citizen and private DESCRIPTION collection systems for waste
pesticides from formers
sector involvement
- amends Minnesota Statutes to
allow a city or town to impose a - allows for involvement of
fee, not to exceed 25 cents per Minnesota Deportment of Agri -
Organ ized Collection cubic yard of waste, on opera- culture
g tors of mixed municipal solid
waste disposal facilities IMPACT
DESCRIPTION located within the city or town
- will determine the extent of the
- provides a system for the - revenue from fees credited to Problem and current management
collection of solid waste which the city or town general fund methods as well as provide
authorizes a specified collet- and used only for purposes of information to the public
tor, or o member of on organize- landfill obatement or for
tion of collectors, to collect mitigating and compensating for - helps define long -term waste
some or all of the solid waste Iocal risks, cost and other pesticide collection needs
that is generated within a adverse effects of facilities
defined geographic service area Nonhazardous and
or areos - fee is reduced by one -holf for
waste residue from energy and
- authorizes a city or town to resource recovery facilities Industrial Waste
organize collection as a munici- DESCRIPTION
pal service or by ordinance, IMPACT
franchise, license, negotiated - establishes a financial mechan- - requires the WM8 to encourage
or bidded contract, or other ism for cities or towns to fund improved management practices
means using one or more collec-
tors or an organization of landfill abatement and to miti- and methods for waste considered
collectors gate and compensate for local nonhazardous or industrial
risk and cost associated with
authorizes city or town to the facility - expands WM8 authority to provide
- y technical assistance to genera -
designate that all or any por-
tion of the solid waste be tors of industrial as well os
h
ielivered to o waste facility hazardous us wastees
identified by a city or town - extends the waste reduction
prohibits establishing grant progrom and the improved
- P 9 o management grant program to
administering organized collec- industrial and • nonhazardous
tion in a manner that impairs wastes, in addition to hazardous
recycling activities waste
-49- .,. V
Bills passed (continued) Local Recycling
"Recycle your used bat ter i es" : — requires retailers who se l l Development Program
•and motor oil in Minnesota to post a �., __-_-_ - -
notice indicating the nearest DESORIP N -ON - --
"State law requires us to accept location, or a location within
motor vehicle batteries for ten miles of the point of sale. — requires the Metropolitan
recycling" where used motor oil may be Council to encourage local
returned for recycling or reuse; recycling efforts in the seven —
squires Department of Public or provide a collection tank at county metropolitan area
ervice to produce, print and the point of sale for the depo—
distribute the written notice sit and collection of used motor — sunsets the household rebate and
oil and post a notice of the tonnage program and authorizes
— requires Department of Public availability of the tank the Council to issue matching
Service. Division of Weights and grants directly to the counties
Measure to assure compliance — either notice shall be posted on
with notice provision by or adjacent to the motor oil — continues availability of grant
inspecting all retail locations display itself and shall be at monies for planning, developing
that sell lead —acid batteries least 8 1/2 inches by 11 inches and operating yard waste com—
in size posting and recycling programs
— requires MPCA to inform the
retailers and wholesalers of — notice must contain the univer— — specifies that each qualifying
requirements for managing lead— sal recycling symbol and the county receive a base amount of
ocid batteries following language: It is $25,000 plus a proportionate
illegal to put used oil in the share of the remaining funds
IMPACT garbage "; and "Recycle your used available based on the number of
oil "; and "There is a collection households in each county
— enhances the existing system for tank here for your used oil ";
proper recycling of used lead— or The nearest collection tank — appropriates $1 ,500,000 from the
acid batteries for used oil is located at (name Metropolitan Landfill Abatement
of business and address)." Fund for matching grants in this
— educates the public on the program
proper method of lead —acid — Department of Public Service.
battery recyciing Division of Weights and Measures — requires the Council to develop
shall ensure compliance with the performonce indicators for tocai
— retailers and wholesalers will written notice requirement recycling projects to measure
hove to provide collection sites the availability and use of
for batteries — Department of Public Service, recyclobles in the metro area
Division of Weights and Measures
— environment will benefit from shall produce, print and distri— ... - -- -.
decreased quantities of leod in bute the notice and conduct
soi l . water, and of r, since inspections to assure compliance : Abatement Fund \
batteries will be kept out of
landf i l Is and incinerators, IMPACT Changes
saving taxpayers the expense of
costly cleanup and reducing — assures a mechanism for proper DESCRIPTION -------- - - - - -- -
talth risks associated with recycling of used oil
eod — changes language authorizing the
— sign educates the public on Metropolitan Council to issue
proper methods of used oil waste abatement grants from the
recycling Metropolitan Landfill Abatement
- - Used.Oi �� ^� Fund
- tan grant program will provide
additional recycling sites in — makes the program more accommo—
DESCRIPTION counties for consumer usage dating and allows funds to go to
— prohibits disposal of used oil project other than for just
in mixed municipal solid waste - -- grants and loans (e.g., for
or in a solid waste disposal scholarships, contracting)
faci I i ty after January 1, 1988, j Recycling Efforts in the ' — removes percentage I imi tat ion on
unless approved by the MPCA Seven- County Metro Area funding mechanism so that the
Council is not restricted in its
— may be enforced by the MPCA ability to award differing
- - amounts to different projects
— Department of Trade and Economic Loc Recycling
Development may make loans to 7 v g IMPACT
businesses for the purchase of
used oil processing equipment Implementation Strategy
— new programs and funding changes
— Department of Trade and Economic DESCRIPTION are to further encourage recyc—
Development may make grants to ling and market development pro —
counties for installation of — requires each metropolitan jects for recyclable materials
storage tanks to collect used county to submit to the Metro— in the metro area
oil. To be eligible for a grant. politan Council a Locol
— $1.5 million from the Landfill
a county must obtain approval Recycling Implementation Abatement Fund now available for
from the MPCA for the type of Strategy by December 1, 1988 matching grants to fund waste
tank to be used, the location abatement programs in the metro
ono installation of the tank, — specifies that the Local area
and the proposed ongoing main— Recycling Implementation
tenonce and monitoring of the Strategy identify at least four
— emphasis on the metro area waste
collection site. A grant for a materials, including yard waste, abatement programs he
t
s reflect
single tank may not exceed to be recycled in the county; fact that the majority of reflects recyc— the
$1,000 and no single county may identify the party responsible table materials are generates
eceive more than $5,000 total for recycling the materials; l—
. re
the Successful market dove
n grants for storage tanks. define the need for and avail°— there. of recyclable mater
opment bility of funds necessary to
in this area will stimulate
implesent this strategy; and be recycling endeavors in the rest
consistent with the county's y g
master solid waste pion of the stole and the midwest
region.
Bills not passed (continued)
- prohibits the disposal of waste Town Charges for Metro Waste Site
' tires in the waters of Minnesota
Disposal of Demolition Inventories - Exclude
- amends the MPCA's authority to Debris Regional Parks
soend waste tire abatement funds
include the recycling of
to tires for use in highway H.F. 1207 Schmitz S.F. 768 Laidig
construction and other unspeci- S.F.1591 Kelso H.F. 893 McPherson
fled uSSU. This provision would
also require the MPCA to adopt a DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION
statewide plan for using the
waste tire abatement fund. - amends Minnesota Statutes - amends Minnesota Statutes
relating to city and town fees relating to metropolitan county
- establishes a task force con- for land disposal of mixed mixed municipal solid waste
silting of a representative from municipal solid waste in disposal facility inventories
MnDOT, the Department of Energy facilities located within the
and Economic Development and the city or town - excludes metropolitan area
Deportment of Natural Resources - permits on additional fee of regional park lands from the
to advise the MPCA in developing five cents per cubic yard for inventory
the statewide abatement fund the land disposal of demolition
plan debris in a municipal solid IMPACT
waste facility
IMPACT - eliminates locating sanitary
- expands the marketing of waste - similar to "City or Town Fee landfills in metro regional
P g Authority" section of the Waste parks
tires in Minnesota and encoura- Management Act Amendments (S.F.
ges estobiishment of additional 708), which did pass
waste tire processing capabil-
ity, the cost of which is IMPACT
prohibitive at this time
- discourages the use of valuable Scales Required
sanitary landf i I I space for S.F. 708 Merriam
disposal of demolition debris
Minnesota Beverage H.F.794 Long
Container Recycling and (originally introduced as S.F.
Litter Reduction Act Limits Eminent Domain 1145 Novak; H.F. 1451 Rice )
H.F. 63 Krueger by County of Agricultural DESCRIPTION
DEr'RIPTION Land for Landfill - requires weight scales to be
installed at all sold waste
- ices beverages an additional H.F. 1440 Waltman management facilities. including
one cent per container landfills, resource recovery
S.F. 1317Mehrkens facilities, transfer' stations
- funds are collected by the MPCA and compost facilities
from distributors and given out DESCRIPTION - requires loaded vehicles to be
as redemption values to con- wei hoe and a record maintained
sumers; bonuses to processors, - amends Minnesota Statutes g
recyclers and consumers as reloting to acquisition of land have
es that ha
i
cilit v
incentives to return and for county sanitary landfills. - exempts facilities
ordered t the MPCA to
recycle; payment to recyclers to prohibit counties from
and processors to set up acquiring agricultural land by close
recycling and processing eminent domain for a sanitary
facilities in areas that are landfill if there is state -owned - bill amended in the House
convenient to consumers; land available in the county Transportation Committee.
processing fees to encourage suitable for location of a land- Amendments restrict application
recycling in any area of the fill to facilities in the seven -
State where materials are deter- county metro area plus Wright.
mined to be uneconomical to - State -owned land is suitable for Sherburn and Chisago counties
recover; and funds for litter location of a landfill unless it ' and exempts facilities that will
pickup and public education is located in proximity to cer- close within one year and
tain land features or is not facilities that receive less
IMPACT suitable•because of topography, than 75.000 cubic yards of solid
geology, hydrology, or soil type waste per year.
- requires the MPCA to increase - the Senate bill was similarity
staffing levels significantly to - governs the purchase of State- amended and incorporated into
complete the requirements of the owned land by the county S.F. 708, Section 35
act
IMPACT IMPACT
- requires each grocery store that
hos more than $2 million in - discouroges using valuable food - major backers of the bill were
sales to hove a redemption producing agricultural land for Patrol er
State e
b
opportunity nearby; retailers the location of a sanitary the Mi nnesota the Minnesota t a Deearaent of
who do not hove more
beverage must redeem
rage contai s then $2 landfill Transportation. These depart -
million in sales mu ments were concerned with
beveners
overweight refuse hauling
- ;A must set up redemption vehicles on Minnesota roads
_,Inters in convenient locations; causing two problems: (1)
existing recycling programs increased damage to the roods;
and (2) unsafe conditions
could become redemption centers
resulting from reduced braking
efficiency of • overweight
vehicles.
1
RECYCLING LESSON PLANS
PENNSYLVANIA RECYCLING MONTH
OCTOBER 1986
WASTE - WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
WHERE DOES IT GO?
LITTER DETECTIVES
CLASSROOM PAPER RECYCLING
RECYCLING SURVEY
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING COSTS
COMPOSTING PROJECT
WASTE OIL RECYCLING
UNWRAPPING PACKAGING
PA. DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
BUREAU OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
RESOURCE RECOVERY, PLANNING DIVISION
a3
WASTE - WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
C WHE
RE DOES IT GO?
K -12
•
OBJECTIVES: The students will identify the various waste materials generated in the
school. They will describe the sequence of collection and the destination
of the materials identified.
RESOURCES: Classroom wastebasket, maintenance personnel, area road map,
chalkboard.
PROCEDURE: 1. Separate the class into three groups.
2. Have group one examine the contents of the classroom wastebasket.
Ask the group to identify the various types of waste materials
generated in the classroom. Categorize the waste materials as paper
products, glass, metals, plastics, organic wastes, etc. Record the
findings on the chalkboard.
3. The second group should examine the flow of the waste materials
after they are collected from the classroom. This may require an
interview with maintenance personnel. Are the wastes consolidated
with other classroom's wastes? Why? Are the wastes transferred to
a large capacity receptacle? Are any wastes burned in a school
incinerator? Are any waste materials recycled? If wastes are
collected from the school by the municipality or a commercial
disposal firm, where are the wastes disposed?
4. Have the third group determine the types of wastes generated in
special subject areas of the school (arts and crafts, gym, home
economics, industrial arts, etc.), the school cafeteria, the office, the
maintenance area. Are these wastes handled in the same manner as
classroom wastes? Determine what other wastes are generated by
the school. Where do these wastes go?
5. Regroup the class. Have a member or members of each group report
the group findings, beginning with group one. Create a diagram or a
flowchart on the chalkboard to outline the reports of groups two
and three, indicating the steps between waste generation and waste
disposal.
6. Ask whether any members of the class live near or have visited a
landfill, an incinerator, a recycling center, or a sewage treatment
plant. Ask for descriptions and impressions of the facilities.
Determine whether any of these facilities are located near the
school. You may need to contact your county planning department
for the locations. Plot the facility locations and the school location
on the road map. Calculate the distances that waste materials must
be transported to each facility. List the type of wastes generated by
the school which are managed by each facility and the distance of
each facility from the school.
7. (Optional) Arrange a class field trip to one or more waste
management facility. Create a class record for each facility.
Include photos, drawings, essays, and audio or video tape recordings.
c2
LITTER DETECTIVES
K -12
OBJECTIVES: The students will develop a positive attitude against littering. Students
will develop solutions to help reduce littering.
RESOURCES: Chalkboard, litter collection bags, a map of the school building and
grounds.
PROCEDURE: 1. Ask the class what "littering" is. Ask the class whether any of the
members have littered. What was littered? Why? Do the students
know of any areas in or around the school where litter can be found?
2. Divide the class into small groups. Using student suggestions, select
a destination for each group to search for litter. The locations can
be indoors or outdoors and must be as specific as possible. Identify
the locations on the map. The goal of the exercise is to collect and
analyze all litter located within the selected area. Allow 15 -
30 minutes for the litter collection.
3. After the litter collection, have each group examine the collected
litter materials. Each group should categorize the litter and
determine the most frequent litter components. Record the data on
the chalkboard. Have each group relate its experience to the class.
Each group should identify its litter search area on the map.
4. After the group presentations, discuss:
- Which locations yielded the most litter and why?
- Can any of the littered items be recycled or used in some other
way?
- By examining the types of litter, can it be determined which
age group may be most responsible for the problem?
- Does the school or community have rules or laws against
littering? If so, are the rules or laws enforced? What penalties
are involved?
- How is litter managed at your school?
- Does the school provide refuse containers near the litter
locations?
- How can the amount of littering be reduced?
5. As a follow -up activity, repeat the exercise after a week or month
has passed and compare the findings.
0)S
CLASSROOM PAPER RECYCLING
6 - 12
OBJECTIVE: The students will identify recycling as an alternative to disposal of
wastepaper. A method for determining the cost - effectiveness of a
recycling program will be described.
RESOURCES: Bathroom or other scale, calculator, classroom wastebasket, grocery bags
or cardboard boxes, telephone directory, telephone.
PROCEDURE: 1. Ask the class to separate wastepaper from other classroom
disposables for one week, segregating it into a suitable collection
container. Label the collection container "Recycled Paper."
2. Discuss with the class ways in which the collected wastepaper might
be re -used in the classroom. Are there other uses for the paper in
the school?
3. Weigh the paper after one week's collection. Project the weight of
wastepaper that might be collected in a month's time, a semester,
the school year. Multiply the projected weights by the number of
other classrooms in the school. Convert the figures to tons for
results greater than 2,000 lbs. Record the projections.
4. Consult the yellow pages of the telephone directory for the location
of a wastepaper market (see "scrap dealers" or "scrap metals ").
` Contact the wastepaper markets to determine preparation
requirements and prices paid for various wastepapers, including
mixed ledger paper, newsprint, computer paper, corrugated
cardboard, mixed wastepaper and magazines. Determine whether
there is a market for the wastepaper collected in the classroom.
Inquire whether the wastepaper dealer will provide transportation of
the recycled paper.
5. What is the current value of the classroom wastepaper? Would
separating the paper into two or more market types improve its
value? If transportation is not provided, what will it cost to
transport the paper to market?
6. Determine whether the recycling effort could be cost - effective on a
classroom basis. Compare potential revenues from the sale of the
recycled paper to the costs to collect and transport the paper to
market. Would recycling the entire school's wastepaper be cost -
effective?
7. Consider the disposal cost avoided if the paper is recycled rather
than disposed. Contact the disposal service that collects the school's
waste to determine the cost per ton of collection and disposal. Could
the "avoided disposal cost" credit improve the cost - effectiveness of
the paper recycling effort? (Each ton recycled is one ton less to be
disposed.) Could the school save money by recycling classroom
wastepaper?
•
8. Discuss the findings with the class and the school principal. Publicize
the results of the study in the school newspaper.
"es
9. The Pennsylvania Resources Council can provide a comprehensive
informational pamphlet to schools interested in developing a
recycling program. Write or call for:
"Recycling Makes Sense for Your School"
Pennsylvania Resources Council
44 East Front Street
Media, PA 19063
215 - 565 - 9131
PAPER RECYCLING COST - EFFECTIVENESS
A.
weight of scrap collection transportation paper
paper price cost cost value
B.
weight of paper waste waste avoided
collection disposal disposal
cost cost cost
C. + _
paper value avoided disposal cost paper recycling
cost- effectiveness
-2-
•
RECYCLING SURVEY
K -12
OBJECTIVE: The student will become familiar with popular attitudes toward recycling
and the practice of recycling in the community.
RESOURCES: Duplication of survey forms, chalkboard.
INTRO.: Many items present in household waste are recyclable provided that the
householder has the initiative to recycle and a convenient outlet exists for
the recycled materials. It has been estimated that recycling takes only a
few minutes each day. While over 50% of residential waste is recyclable,
only one percent is presently recycled in Pennsylvania.
Some communities collect recyclable materials with normal garbage
collection. Some communities rely on householders to transport
recyclables to a collection center. Some collection centers pay patrons for
certain recyclable materials.
Recycling helps to conserve energy and natural resources, contributes to
the economy, and reduces the amount of solid waste requiring disposal.
Recycling also promotes an awareness of the finiteness of our natural
resources and offers an environmentally acceptable method of solid waste
management.
PROCEDURE: 1. Engage the class in a discussion on the subject of recycling. Survey
the class to determine whether any students assist in a family
recycling effort, or recycle on their own. Ask for descriptions of how
recycling is accomplished and what materials are recycled. Why do
they recycle? Is money earned from the effort? Have any students
visited a recycling center? Solicit descriptions and impressions.
2. Suggest to the class that it would be interesting to discover how
others feel about recycling. A survey could be conducted which
would also determine how many others in the school and community
recycle.
3. Have the class brainstorm a list of questions that they might ask to
others about recycling. Suggestions include:
- Do you know the meaning of the term "recycle "?
- Do you recycle? Why?
- Why don't you recycle?
- Do you think you should recycle?
- What materials do you recycle?
- How do you recycle?
- Where do you recycle?
- Do you get paid for recycled materials?
- How much time is devoted to recycling each day or week?
- Do you think you could recycle more?
-1-
Assemble the questions selected into a logical order and an easily
presentable format. Allow sufficient space for answers. A single
page survey form limited to ten or fewer questions is suggested.
4. Duplicate the survey form and distribute one or several forms to each
student. Ask the students to interview students in other classes, or
teachers, neighbors, friends, relatives, etc., completing a survey form
for each interview. Allow several days or a weekend for the survey.
5. Collect the survey forms. List the questions or numbers of the
questions on the chalkboard and compile the results. Develop
percentages for each response.
6. Discuss the results with the class. Are certain materials recycled
more frequently than others? What is the recycling participation
rate? Do any recyclers recycle more than one item? Do non -
recyclers suggest common reasons for not recycling? Are the reasons
valid? Why do people recycle?
_2-
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING COSTS
6 - 12
•
OBJECTIVES: The students will gain an awareness of the costs of waste disposal. The
students will demonstrate that disposal costs may be offset by recycling a
portion of municipal solid waste.
RESOURCES: Calculator, chalkboard.
Solid waste is garbage, refuse and other discarded materials.
INTRO.: Eleven million Pennsylvanians generate over nine million tons of municipal
solid waste annually. That is the equivalent of nearly five pounds of waste
generated per person per day. In some Pennsylvania communities, the cost
for disposal of municipal solid waste exceeds $30.00 per ton. This does not
include the costs for collection and transporation of the waste.
It has been estimated that over 50% of the municipal solid waste generated
is comprised of materials which are recyclable, but only one percent is
presently recycled.
PROCEDURE: 1. Ask each member of the class to calculate the amount of solid waste
generated by his family in a week using the factor of five pounds per
person per day. Discuss with the class whether the results are
realistic. How do some families generate less garbage? (Buying less,
buying less packaging, reusing, recycling, composting, etc.).
2. Have the class calculate the amount of municipal solid waste a
community of 10,000 persons would generate annually. What would
be the annual cost to the community for its waste disposal at $30.00
per ton? Discuss with the class how communities pay for disposal of
municipal waste (municipal collection and disposal, taxes, utility fee,
direct payment to contracting disposal firms).
3. Assume that 25% of the community waste could be recovered and
sold through recycling. Assume that the average market price paid
for aluminum, glass, ferrous metal, paper and plastic is $10.00 per
ton. Assume that the cost for collection and transportation of
recyclables is equivalent to that of waste.
Ask the class to calculate the amount of the annual community waste
disposal cost that could be saved through recycling. Did the class
consider that an additional savings would be realized since the
amount of waste requiring disposal has been reduced by 25 %?
4. Discuss with the class other benefits associated with the recycling of
municipal solid waste (energy and natural resource conservation,
environmental benefits of disposal avoidance including conservation
of existing landfill space, employment in the recycling industry, etc.).
5. Ask the class members whether a recycling effort in their community
could affect disposal costs. Why?
D
COMPOSTING PROJECT
6 -12
OBJECTIVE: Creating a compost pile as a classroom project will demonstrate to
students that natural materials can be recycled.
RESOURCES: A location for the project, organic waste materials, a garden pitchfork,
soil, water. Lime, manure, nitrogenous fertilizer, materials to construct
an enclosure, a 4 - inch mesh screen, and a soil thermometer are optional.
Volunteers must be available to construct and maintain the compost pile.
INTRO.: Compost is an inexpensive and effective soil conditioner that recycles
organic waste materials. Nutrients in plant material are returned to the
soil through the breakdown of organic material by the action of
microscopic fungi and aerobic bacteria. Organic wastes are thus
decomposed, and the result is a material useful as a natural fertilizer.
In Japan, Europe, and recently in the United States, municipalities have
established large -scale solid waste composting facilities. The volume of
organic material composted is diverted from other disposal facilities.
When properly managed, a compost pile will not produce odors or attract
pests. The finished product can be ready for use as a garden mulch in as
little as six weeks with proper management. Compost has proven valuable
for use in land reclamation efforts where land has suffered topsoil loss
from erosion or earthmoving activities.
PROCEDURE: 1. Find a suitable outdoor site to locate the compost pile. The pile
should be exposed to rainfall, but may work best in a shaded location.
Proximity to a water source is suggested.
A good time to start a compost pile is whenever organic materials
are available. The fall of the year is quite suitable, since composting
can serve as an alternative to the burning or landfilling of leaves.
Tree - trimmings, grass clippings, garden refuse, kitchen and
lunchroom food wastes, sawdust, manure, wood ashes, hay and straw
are among the organic wastes suitable for composting. Meat and
dairy products should be avoided.
2. Develop a plan of operation that outlines the procedures for
conducting the composting project. Present the plan to the school
principal. Permission and support from administrative and
maintenance personnel must be obtained before initiation of the
composting project.
3. An easy to manage compost pile can be enclosed on three sides by
utilizing wooden pallets, used concrete block, fencing, snow - fencing,
or hay bales. The fourth side should be accessible to permit turning
the pile. A 4'x4'x4' enclosure can yield a ton of compost. An
- 1
I
enclosure is not required. A shallow pit may be excavated and the
organic material simply piled. The excavated soil will be added to
the pile.
4. After constructing the enclosure, begin the compost pile with a layer
of branches or cornstalks to help promote ventilation and drainage.
The compost pile is then built with successive eight -inch layers
consisting of a six -inch layer of organic material moistened with
water and covered with two inches of soil, lime, manure or
nitrogenous fertilizer. Shredding the organic materials will
accelerate the decomposition process.
The eight -inch layers are repeated until the pile is four feet high.
Each layer should be moistened, but not soaked. Materials in the
compost pile should always remain as damp as a squeezed sponge. A
depression created at the top center of the pile will collect
precipitation. (Layering of materials is not essential to the process.)
5. The compost pile is now ready for decomposition. During this phase
the temperature within the pile may reach 175° F., effective in
eliminating most disease organisms, insects, and weed seeds.
Diseased or infested materials should not be added to the compost
pile. The pile should be turned over and mixed every few weeks to
move outer materials to the center. Less frequent turning will delay
decomposition. A steady decrease in the temperature at the center
of the pile will signal the end of fermentation. When the compost is
fermented, it will have a dark color and a crumbly soil -like texture.
6. Maintain a log of the composting process. Record the date of
compost pile construction, the organic materials added to the pile,
the date the compost is ready, how the compost is used and other
observations.
7. A soil thermometer can be used to monitor the temperature of the
pile. Create a compost pile temperature chart plotting thermometer
readings over the term of the project.
8. The finished compost may be sifted through a 2" mesh screen with
rejected particles returned to the compost pile, or the compost may
be added directly to garden soil. Applied as a mulch or top dressing
around plants shrubs and trees, the compost will provide soil nutrients
and inhibit weed growth. Look for uses for compost around the
school grounds. Consider marketing sifted compost as a fund - raising
activity.
9. Prepare a report that will describe the composting project. Refer to
the project log (Item 6) for key information. Present the report to the
school principal. Consider publicizing the project in the school and
community newspaper.
-2-
WASTE OIL RECYCLING
fv 4 -12
OBJECTIVES: The student will gain an awareness that used motor oil is a resource to be
recycled rather than discarded. The student will be able to identify
locations where used motor oil may be recycled.
RESOURCES: Community map or road map, chalkboard, telephone.
INTRO.: Over 35 million gallons of used motor oil are generated each year in
Pennsylvania. Individuals performing oil changes at home generate nearly
65% of the total, or 23 million gallons. Used motor oil can be refined and
reused.
If recycled, the oil could save about a half million barrels of crude oil each
year, worth nearly $10 million dollars. Unfortunately, waste oil is
sometimes burned and is often dumped onto the ground, into drains and
sewers, into streams, and into landfills. Used motor oil can contain
concentrations of toxic heavy metals. Improperly disposed, used motor oil
affects the environment, including wildlife, vegetation, surface water and
drinking water supplies.
Pennsylvania has initiated a used oil recycling program requiring certain
automotive service centers to provide oil recycling service.
PROCEDURE: 1. Survey class members to determine whether their family automobile
oil is changed at home or at a service station. Record the results on
the chalkboard. Compare the results with the reported average of
the estimated 65% "do- it- yourselfers" who perform all changes.
2. Follow -up by asking students whether they know what becomes of the
used oil that is replaced during the oil change. Do any families
recycle used motor oil? Where is the oil recycled?
3. Call the Used Oil Recycling Hotline at 1 717 - 783 - 6004 for a list of
oil recycling outlets in the community, or contact local recycling
outlets, garages or automotive service centers to inquire whether
used motor oil is recycled or accepted for recycling. Plot the used
motor oil recycling centers on the community map. Identify each
student's residence, compare the locations, and estimate distances
between.
4. Discuss with the class the economic and environmental implications
of not recycling used motor oil (refer to the introduction). Use the
chalkboard to list benefits of recycling and environmental
consequences of improper disposal.
5. Follow -up by asking the class whether recycling used motor oil is
good for the environment. Ask members of the class to identify the
type of containers they might use to recycle waste oil, and how they
would transport it to the recycling center.
•
3 3
UNWRAPPING PACKAGING
4 - 12
•
OBJECTIVE: The students will be able to examine product packaging to determine
whether packaging is excessive and whether it is recyclable. The students
will be able to identify waste reduction techniques.
RESOURCES: Empty food containers, calculator, postal or other scale, chalkboard or
handout.
PROCEDURE: 1. Ask each student to bring to class an empty, clean food container
from home. Boxes and packages should be empty and cans, bottles,
jars, etc. must be rinsed clean, with lids and labels left intact. (It
may be necessary for the instructor to provide examples and extra
containers as needed).
2. Have the class separate into groups according to the container
materials the students have provided: aluminum, glass, steel or tin,
paper, plastic, multi - material, etc.
3. Ask each group to examine its container labels for the weight of the
product. Net weight will identify the weight of the contents only.
Gross weight will denote the sum of the container and the contents.
(Most weights will be stated as net weight).
4. Using a scale, have each student determine the weight of his empty
container. Each group should complete a chart (on the chalkboard or
on a handout) with each student entering the name of his product, the
package weight as determined, the weight of the contents, and the
gross (total) weight. Consistent units of measure must be used
throughout the class (ounces or grams).
- 1 -
3
PACKAGING MATERIAL
A B C
Net Weight Gross Weight
Package of of
Product Weight Contents Product
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
TOTAL
(NOTE: C = A+B, B = C A = C
5. Have each group calculate the average percent of packaging for the
group's products using the formula:
Average Percent = Total Package Weight X 100
of Packaging Total Gross Weight (C)
Display the results for each group on the chalkboard.
6. Discuss with the class the various group results. Which packaging
material offers the least percentage of packaging weight and which
the most? What advantages do each of the packages offer? Does
some packaging seem excessive? Are some products packaged in a
variety of materials?
7. What implications can be made regarding the cost of packaging, costs
for transporting the products, and waste disposal requirements for
packaging?
-
35
8. Ask each member of the class to examine his container label for the
presence of a recycling symbol. Students locating a recycling symbol
on the packaging should be asked to define the term "recyclable ".
(Materials which can be collected and processed for use as a raw
material in the manufacture of the same or a similar product.) Which
packages are made from recycled materials? Which packages are
identified as recyclable?
Are any of the remaining packages recyclable? (Packages made from
aluminum, cardboard, glass, steel /tin, paper, and certain plastic
packages, including two -liter bottles and milk jugs are recyclable).
Does any one group have more recyclable packages than the others?
9. Ask the class to identify methods of reducing waste from product
packaging. (Less packaging, packaging made from recyclable
materials, etc.).
- 3 -
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V. OTHER BUSINESS
A. Recycling Facility Tours - -A letter was forwarded to Doug Wilcox
and Gary Hohenstein of 3M thanking them for the tour of the
Hazardous Waste Facility in Cottage Grove. An opportunity will be
provided for attendees of that tour to give a brief recap of it. In
addition, staff would like to determine a specific date for the
remainder of the Commission to view the Reuter Facility. Please
bring your calendars.
VI. ADJOURNMENT
The meeting will adjourn at or about 1:00 o'clock p.m. to facilitate
your getting back to work. Every effort should be made to arrive on
time to facilitate this schedule.
Adm istr tive Assistant
Enclosures
cc: Thomas L. Hedges, City Administrator
Dale C. Runkle, City Planner
JH /af