HomeMy WebLinkAbout09/12/1989 - Solid Waste Abatement Commission AGENDA
SOLID WASTE ABATEMENT COMMISSION
EAGAN, MINNESOTA
EAGAN MUNICIPAL CENTER CONFERENCE ROOMS A & B
TUESDAY, September 12, 1989
11:30 A.M.
I. ROLL CALL AND ADOPTION OF AGENDA
II. APPROVAL OF MINUTES
III. STAFF REPORT
A. Refuse /Recycling Collectors Meeting Update
- Documentation
- Multi - family Recycling
- Additional Materials Collections
B. First Quarter+ Review
- Participation, Tonnages, etc.
IV. OLD BUSINESS
A. Discussion and Staff Authorization -
Multi- family policy issues and workplan.
V. NEW BUSINESS
VI. OTHER BUSINESS
VII. DISTRIBUTION
VIII. NEXT MEETING
IX. ADJOURNMENT-
MEMO TO: CHAIRS MANN AND HALL AND ALL MEMBERS OF THE SOLID WASTE
ABATEMENT COMMISSION
FROM: RECYCLING SPECIALIST HAGEMAN
DATE: SEPTEMBER 5, 1989
SUBJECT: EAGAN SOLID WASTE ABATEMENT COMMISSION MEETING OF
SEPTEMBER 12, 1989
A regular meeting of the Eagan Solid Waste Abatement Commission
will be held on Tuesday, September 12, 1989 at 11:30 a.m. at the
Eagan Municipal Center, Conference Rooms A and B. The City will
provide a box lunch to Commission members requesting one by noon,
Monday, September 11. Please return the postmarked postcard
indicating if you will attend and your luncheon preference or
contact by phone Kris Hageman or Jane Helebrant at 454 -8100.
I. ROLL CALL AND ADOPTION OF AGENDA
The agenda, as presented or modified, requires adoption by the
Commission.
II. APPROVAL OF MINUTES
Approval of the minutes of the Solid Waste Abatement Commission
meeting of August 8, 1989 is enclosed on pages .5- 7 for your
review. These minutes, subject to any change, require approval by
the Commission.
III. STAFF REPORT
A. Refuse Recycling Collectors Meeting Update
1. Documentation
Discussion focused around the new forms developed by City
recycling staff and haulers from around the County. This form
will mimic the new recording form used by the Dakota County
Recycling Center. The columns for weights, materials, dates
and vehicles will resemble that of the RCC form and leave room
available for haulers to mark each weight ticket if another
market is used for their materials. The time frame for the
County RCC documentation will be monthly, this will facilitate
a faster turn around time for individual haulers and in some
instances will allow for monthly reports and payments for
their recycling services. Every effort will be made to use
this new form for the next quarterly reporting cycle. The
second quarter has been set at June 1 through August 31 of
this year.
2. Multi- Family Recycling
See Old Business for discussion items.
if
3. Additional Materials Collection
a. Tin Cans - -When asked if collection of tin cans in Eagan
could begin before February 1, 1990, all the haulers
present had strong feelings against a date preceding the
County date. Two haulers presently acknowledged that
they do collect tin cans if they are in the recycling set
outs but are not publicizing tin can collection. The
haulers also agreed that in the general instructions for
tin can recycling, flattening the cans is a big concern
and that preparation needs to be a high priority when
publicizing tin can collection.
b. Plastics Recycling -- Plastics recycling came up again in
our discussion with Jon Hohenstein asking for opinions
concerning a deposit on plastic bottles. The consensus
from the group was favorable for such legislation. No
one was very excited about dealing with plastics in the
current programs. Markets for materials, vehicle
restrictions, collection procedures and labor are all
concerns that to this date cannot be dealt with
efficiently. The next step will be to continue this
discussion among our group members and with other
recycling associations and groups that we are affiliated
with.
c. First Quarter Plus Review -- Tonnage figures from
residential collection have been impressive. Two of the
nine licensed haulers had recycling services available
prior to the March 13 start up date. It began as of
January 1, 1989 and, therefore, those figures are
included. The drop -off center figures are also
calculated from January 1, 1989 to May 31, 1989.
Recycling Collection Program 548 Tons Ow V-'1 6
Drop -Off Centers 250 Tons � '�'
Recycled Waste Oil 8 Tons `a
Yard Waste 65 Tons ` k\
TOTAL 871 Tons \
The majority of these weights have been verified and the
figures stated are good estimates for overall abatement
activities. If these figures hold true for the remaining
six months of 1989 we should reach our goal of 1,700 tons
with relative ease. Most of the haulers agree that the
participation rate has leveled at about 50 %. If
participation fluctuations (as in other programs) hold
true, we should see an increase this fall.
d. Hazardous Waste Collection Day - -The second ad for a
collection day has been placed in local community
newspapers. I will be beginning volunteer recruitment
corresponding with the advertising timing. Posters to
be displayed in area businesses will be distributed the
week of September 11. The in -house recruiting efforts
will also begin that week. Unisys and the County will
also be pursuing volunteers for the day's activities.
We will be soliciting help for one, two and three shifts
of approximately five hours. Duties range from
distributing and collecting surveys to unloading
materials and directing traffic, etc.
IV. OLD BUSINESS
A. Discussion and Staff Authorization - Multi - Family Issues and
Work Plan
In looking at the multi- family recycling program we have some
policy issues to discuss and we need to organize the components of
the work plan. There still needs to be individualized set up for
many buildings and we need to organize a uniform system to operate
the program. Stated below is a list of items for discussion.
1. Commercial Licenses /Collection
2. Require Recycling Services for Multi - Family Contracts (like
associations) `°
3. Multi- Family Scavenging -- b
4. Funding /Operational Support
a. container funding - either buy or rent
b. increase per ton payments
c. per unit funding
d. other? •
S ' G. V. NE BUS ��
a� ,
Tarik vI. OTHER BUSINESS
VII. DISTRIBUTION
Enosed in your packets are the following materials; 1. On pages
through you will find the new feature "Waste Management
News and Views.' 2. On pages (0 through /7 you will find
articles concerning equipment at material recycling facilitie
(MRF's) and different collection vehicles. 3. On pages /
through you will find information regarding recycling
legislation. One dealing with recycling as a part of the
Governor's new tax proposal and the other piece dealing with the
time line or solid waste provisions of this proposal. 4. On
pages �5,through oY7 you will find a variety of articles from
the Metro Monitor with recycling updates for the year.
3
VIII. JiEBT MEETING
The next meeting of the Eagan Solid Waste Abatement Commission will
be on Tuesday, October 10, 1989 at 11:30 a.m. Please mark your
calendars for that meeting.
IX. ADJOURNMENT
The meeting will adjourn at or about 1:00 p.m.
Re cling Spec alist - City of Eagan
Subject to Approval
MINUTES OF THE SOLID WASTE ABATEMENT COMMISSION
Eagan, Minnesota
August 8, 1989
A regular meeting of the Eagan Solid Waste Abatement Commission was
held on Tuesday, August 8, 1989 at 12:30 p.m. Present were Chair Tom Mann, Earl
Milbridge, Cindy Ista, Darlene Bahr and Tom Molene for Browning Farris
Industries. Absent were Larry Knutson, Tim Hoel, Todd Gatz, Brenda Marshall and
Terry Schnell. Also present were Recycling Specialist Hageman, Assistant to the
City Administrator Hohenstein, Administrative Intern Weldon and members of the
public.
STAFF REPORT
Prior to the presence of a quorum, staff members reviewed several
issues with Commission members.
YARDWASTE BAN /CITY COMPOST SITE
Hageman stated that staff had yet to notice a substantial increase
in volume at the City compost site as a consequence of the August 1 County
yardwaste ban. She went on to explain that the ban only prohibits yardwaste from
being disposed of at County landfills, but does not prohibit haulers from taking
materials to the County compost site. She stated that staff would continue to
monitor volumes and report to the Commission in the event that site capacity were
approached. Hageman also stated that staff had been reviewing possible
alternative sites for composting activities which may offer more capacity in the
future. The concept of charging for use of the compost site or checking
addresses to limit use to Eagan residents was discussed. Because current volumes
have been handled by the existing site, it was suggested that the site monitor
do a survey of user addresses this fall for information purposes, and that
results of such a survey be considered if volume exceeded the capacity of the
site.
MULTI - FAMILY RECYCLING
Hageman reported that she has set up programs with two apartment
complexes and one townhome complex to date. A third apartment complex, Glen
Pond, will begin its recycling activities on August 28. Hageman further stated
that multi - family recycling information materials have been utilized in such
cases. She stated that she would continue to work with the complexes on a
property by property basis and hoped to have all multi - family units recycling
by early 1990.
A question was raised concerning whether the City could extend its
recycling ordinance to require recycling in multi - family units. Hohenstein
stated that the ordinance could be modified in that manner and that it made sense
for staff to continue to approach the issue on a voluntary basis, ultimately
developing an ordinance which would take such individual efforts into account.
REGULAR FINANCIAL AND TONNAGE REPORTS
The Commission then requested that staff provide regular reports on
abatement tonnages and expenditures. Staff responded that financial reports
could be done at least quarterly, if not monthly, and that tonnage reports would
occur quarterly with the reports from the recycling haulers.
AGENDA
At 12:30, upon reaching a quorum, the Commission began
business items. Upon motion by Bahr, seconded by Milbridge, all members voting
in favor, the agenda was approved as presented.
MINUTES
Upon motion by Ista, seconded by Milbridge, all members voting in
favor, the minutes of the June 13, 1989 meeting were approved as presented. As
there was not a quorum at the July 11, 1989 meeting, no minutes were taken but
notes describing discussion were enclosed for Commission review. Upon motion
by Milbridge, seconded by Ista, all members voting in favor, the notes concerning
the July 11, 1989 meeting were accepted for historical purposes.
TIN CAN COLLECTION
Hageman stated that the County Recycling Collection Center intended
to accept tin food cans beginning September 1, and that current plans were to
rte a haulers to collect them beginning February 1, 1990. She stated that the
question before the Commission was whether or not the City of Eagan should
require haulers to collect such materials sooner.
Bahr stated that it appears that there is considerable demand for
the availability of tin can recycling, and that the City should require it sooner
than February 1. Floyd Hier, a community resident, stated that he believed the
City should not get ahead of the County in the event that the County does not
have capacity for the materials or in some other way fails to perform. He stated
that if we wait until the County deadline, it is up to them to perform on their
own schedule. Molene stated that from a polished perspective, food cans would
add a significant burden and reduce the flexibility of existing vehicles. He
stated that current vehicles are configured for the present mix of materials and
might not be able to absorb additional material in the form of food cans. He
further stated that to fit additional material in the existing vehicles, it would
be necessary for cans to be crushed by the drive on his route or by the
homeowners. He said this would involve some crushing and compacting equipment
which is currently being developed by the industry.
Bahr stated that it appeared that there were several issues which
need additional input from the hauling community and suggested that staff host
a hauler meeting to consider them. Upon motion by Bahr, seconded by Ista, all
members voting in favor, the Commission directed staff to invite Eagan haulers
to a meeting or meetings to discuss tin can recycling, plastics recycling, multi-
family programs and documentation of volumes. It was further directed that staff
report back on this issue no later than October.
NEXT MEETING
The next meeting of the Solid Waste Abatement Commission will be on
Tuesday, September 12, 1989 at 11:30 a.m.
(17
ADJOURNMENT
Upon motion by Ista, seconded by Milbridge, all members voting in
favor, the meeting was adjourned at 1:10 p.m.
JH
Date Chairperson
Secretary
1
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t,ounty recyclables center will
now accept office paper
Small businesses and schools at the collection center, Dakota
wishing to start recycling pro- County will provide an outlet for ; NOIJIrAV
prams often do not have a place to haulers, as well as for small busi- I ` \
deliver the small quantities of of- cases who wish to drop off the /
rice paper they might collect. paper themselves."
After Sept. 1, that will no longer • The county expects to receive e c cl e d
be a problem. 10 to 15 tons of office paper per
That's when Dakota County's month initially, including all of
Recyclables Collection Center in the paper collected through the
Burnsville will begin accepting county's in -house programs. The ()p3r
office paper. program will accept a wide var-
The collection center, which tety of low -grade paper, including
opened last May, processes and coated paper, envelopes with
markets such recyclable markets windows and Post -It Notes.
u � � � e
glass, newspapers, beverage "The quality control needed for
. cans, tin cans and plastics. high -grade paper markets would Haulers who pick up the recycle- be difficult to maintain when the
tiles bring the materials to the paper comes from so many sour- Year ago our customers asked us to recycle unac-
center. Recycle Minnesota Re- ces," said Gayle Prest, recycling ceptable copies. Thanks to the University of Minnesota we
sources (AMR) operates the specialist for the county. "And were able to oblige. ■
center under contract with the most offices generate a larger , customers began kinko
county. amount of low -grade office paper asking us to use recycled
"The county has bad a success- than high -grade paper, so we de- paper in our copies. And the copy center
Sul office paper recycling pro- tided to set up the program to ac- now we can do that too
r - -n for some time," said Don- cept all office paper." (7t per copy, 60* bond). Ten Twin Cities Locations
1. Maher, chairman of the Businesses wishing more in-
Board of Commissioners. "Now formation on recycling office
such a program will be available paper should contact their gar -
to small businesses as well." bage hauler or the Dakota County
Maher explained that only two Recycling Program, 431 - 1158.
drop -off centers, located in
Rosemount and Vermillion, cur-
rently accept office paper. Like
the county, many large firwts and
print shops recycle sufficient
quantities of office paper that
paper companies will pick up the What About Plastic Recycling?
paper. But most small businesses
do not generate enough used MR has received more inquiries labor expense, which will result in the
paper, or have enough storage regarding the purchase of post decision to sell the material to a market
space to collect the large volumes consumer plastic than any other taking mixed plastic material. This
required.
"Garbage haulers have told material. It Is no secret that material obviously narrows the market and
county staff," Maher said, "that pricing has fallen dramatially, but there endusers who will purchase
the metropolitan area paper continues to be a lively interest in the material.
markets are not convenient for the material. So the important thing is to select the
the small quantities of paper they The key to plastic recycling is to company you will be selling your mate -
could collect from their commer- know what one can sell before collect- rial, make certain that you clarify the
vial accounts. By accepting paper ing it. We believe that people will have specific product category rigid plastic
to be educated by product as to what containers that you are to collect, get
to place on the curb, and thus a list of pictures of the products, and determine
products with pictures of each product how the company wants the material.
must be furnished to each household RMR bales and granulates plastic, and
before the collection program is com- supplies material to both local and
menced. The next step will involve the international companies. RMR is inter -
processing. With declining pricing, one ested in pursuing multi - material con -
will probably make the decision not to tracts with collectors of post
separate the material because of added consumer material. •
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Hazardous waste planning assistance available
The Minnesota Project, in conjunction Possible projects for cities to consider • A project to reduce amount of house-
with the Northwest Area Foundation, is arc: bold hazardous waste people generate
seeking volunteer communities interested by providing education to residents about
in small quantity hazardous waste man- * Innovative projects which integrate hazardous materials, safe disposal, and
agement programs. small scale hazardous waste manage- alternatives;
ment into existing solid waste and recy-
The project will provide assistance in cling systems while addressing reduc- * A project to help several counties plan
planning and project implementation for tion, reuse, and education; together;
approximately one year to two or three
communities through the Rural Hazard- *A planning project to figure out bow to *A project to establish a waste exchange
ous Waste Management Initiative. The address household hazardous waste re- for household hazardous waste, paint, or
program has the purpose of helping non- duction and collection; small business waste; and
metropolitan communities become more
effective in manageing this small quan- *A planning project to figure out bow to • A project to address education, collec-
tity hazardous waste. The Minnesota reduce the amount of hazardous waste tion, and safe disposal of a particular
Project will select a second group of two local small businesses dispose of incor- portion of the hazardous waste stream,
to three cities in January 1991. Cities rectly; sucb as household batteries.
r interested in undertaking a program should
contact Lob Schocnricb or Susan Schmidt
at 1 -800- 827 -8424.
August 25, 1989 page 3
I
s
C�llection Efforts Gi .
e
V c es a i L'ght
For municipalities and private Recommendations range from determining the present and E
P P future size of the area to be covered, considering budget con o
contractors looking for vehicles straints and, if the community where the truck is to operate
is , the first tions�' knowing a truck's ability to adapt to different opera- i
to collect recyclables ►
thing to ask is what features Once a general working idea of the collection area is estab- v
g
fished, an interested customer, whether municipality or pri- rt
are needed — both now and in vale contractor, should place features and functions in a priority d
the future. The result could order: If a municipality is the purchaser, it should also work n
with the company accepting the waste to determine particular u
maximize your cost efficiency. specifications that should be included. a
Features among recycling trucks are hydraulic lifts to dump ti
the recyclables; controls on the inside, outside or both; side tl
dumping or rear dumping capability; manual and automatic s
_ he growth in popularity of recycling, especially of loading; and roll-off centers. s
curbside programs, has spawned another area of rapid While these features may appear efficient and simple to oper-
expansion — collection vehicles. The development, ate, the issue of cost effectiveness, more than just physical s.
- as well as diversity of the areas either implementing a system capabilities, should also be considered. a
or in the market for a collection vehicle, has created a wide "How much more effective is a vehicle that costs $25,000 n
range of options from which to choose. more than another truck? The cost and the potential results all l h
But a public misconception vehicle manufacturers must first have to go in a blender," said Matt Karpan, national marketing rR
overcome is that there are no differences between trucks being manager for Kann Manufacturing, an Iowa -based manufacturer o
used for regular waste collection and those used for collecting of refuse trucks.
recyclables. Although the physical engineering of the truck may show an c
Vehicle manufacturers are quick to point out recycling trucks efficiency of operation, an important area buyers must consider v
need more flexibility is its ability to maximize human efficiency. h
than do standard waste - Adam Marks, operations engineer with the Rhode Island Solid p
'How much more effec- collection vehicles. Waste Management Corp., said driver fatigue is an important
And as more comnlu- issue in searching out the proper vehicle. "A vehicle that can tc
tive i a vehicle that nities go on -line with maximize (operator) performance by streamlining operations
costs $25 000 more need f vehicles programs, with can, in the long run, greatly improve the overall performance g
I need for vehicles with of the recycling effort." An example of improving worker a
than another truck? more possibilities, able efficiency, Marks pointed out, is having a right -hand stand -up . a
to cover a wider range drive with a sliding door. "This lets the operator step right onto fr
The cost and the poten- of uses, will become the the curb, reducing the number of steps needed to perform the q
tial results all have to standard. job."
Many truck manu- Dominique Dubois, marketing and sales manager for Labrie,
go in a blender, Said facturers, distributors a Canadian manufacturer of recycling trucks, explained another D
Matt Karpan, Kann and owners of collet- way to improve worker production — through improved safety
tion vehicles MOM- design. One of the most important issues to consider is how rr
Manufacturing. mend the first step to best to protect employees from dangerous situations without tt
consider before pur- making the operation too expensive. bl
chasing a vehicle is "One feature we offer is air -operated partitions that can lock cc
mapping out areas where the vehicle will be needed, both in or unlock from outside the truck. This, we feel, is an effective
the present and in the future. safety device. It reduces the amount of contact the loader has u
with the material in a potentially dangerous situation;' said C(
Don't just kick the tires Dubois. p(
The choices among different collection vehicles are as diverse a`
as those consumers face when deciding among different auto- Maximizing uptime, minimizing costs th
mobile models. While the most apparent features of a collection vehicle are Si
The trucks are different in many respects. Truck design can usually found on the exterior, another area that should be IN
range from simple, modified pick -up trucks with sturdy trailers considered is the vehicle's chassis.
collecting recyclables from pre-designated drop -off points to With the constant stopping, starting and loading of the truck, ac
large collection vehicles with the ability to automatically collect the chassis of a collection vehicle can sustain a substantial amount cc
1 and load recyclable material. of abuse. Lee Johnson, manager of Navistar's Heavy Truck and � lo
J
76 / ![CYCLING TODAY /AUGUST 1989
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Ines Division, said r • l i i • I Eng r —�� t , T 111 ` - i
OM of the most rmpor- , ��
i tant features in a chas- ~' _ `
sis is its reliability and ' r r i + i , ti -
li "
the quality of the ser- ' r i i � -
rl �I tI
vice. "Generally, the `lf r ; . Ir i r r r fir _ ;_ ' ` 1 , _
recycling �i
ryg fieldhasseen i ' i' _=
dramatic growth. The Y l�l��� t ' ��— F
need fora great deal of r �.� .` �'�
uptime (time in oper- r �- W :1 i
ation) and less down- _
time (repairs) can be ''� '
��. .+ s t
the difference between r . .
success and failure - ,-� , r r _ !
said Johnson. Truck features depend on possible uses for the vehicle. (Photo counesy of Volvo GM)
Because, Johnson I
said, recycling vehicles will often operate two shifts a day, five days a real asset to a company"
a week, servicing them becomes important. A chassis should While basic features are important, many smaller features
not only be sturdy and reliable, but its manufacturer should are as important, and should be critical selling points, add- ;'
have a strong network of distributors with parts on hand to ed DeYoung. i
reduce the period of time waiting for even the most minor "The first question that is often asked is the loading height
of repairs. of the vehicle. Because we have the chassis low to the ground
One popularly held myth is that chassis and brakes for re- and the dumpers on the side, there is less fatigue on the op- r,
cycling vehicles should be the same as for regular waste-collection erator."
vehicles. "The larger chassis being used for waste collection Spokesmen for both Volvo GM and Navistar said there is
handles a lot more weight than the ones on the curbside collection a growing demand for low - profile chassis to help reduce work- 4
programs" Presently, the average haul for the curbside collection er fatigue, and both companies are developing chassis to fit is
vehicles is about 3% tons at the most, not a sufficient weight that need. ;
to use a heavy -duty chassis. One problem with the different chassis styles and needs,
"The (choice of) vehicles should depend on where they are according to Frank Bio, a senior sales engineer for heavy
going to be used," explained Thomas Betters, president of Lodal, distribution for Volvo GM Heavy Truck, "is that often customers
a Michigan-based collection - vehicle manufacturer. "If there is will take a chassis and modify it, which could possibly cause
a heavy concentration of apartment complexes to be collected a problem not covered under any specific warranty."
from, there should be an automatic lifter. This is for heavier Another area to consider is the cost and the economics of
quantities. For more curbside - collection homes, a manually the purchase. The difference between an automatic side loader
operated truck may be good enough." and an over- the -top automatic loader could be substantial. Marks
warned that a buyer should know the budget and what to expect ,
Different equipment for different uses before searching for a recycling vehicle.
"The situation (growth in recycling) is now calling for new An advantage of a hydraulic lift is its flexibility in not getting
methods to solve the problems," said Karpan. Depending on stuck with a partial load. Because containers can often be rolled •
the area that will become part of a curbside recycling program, off the trailer, the truck is not limited in its uses. These trucks
budget and size of a program, there are several options to be are able to change bodies for specialized jobs, and in a smaller
considered. community with a smaller budget, the diversity of a collection
John DeYoung of D & B Fabricators, a vehicle distributor, vehicle could be very important.
said differences also will be seen depending on the type of Many roll -off collection vehicles offer simplicity of operation.
collection program implemented. "The roll -off containers are Milly Zantow, manager of Wisconsin Intercounty Non - Profit
popular when you are working with large collection sizes, such Recycling Inc., said the roll -off collector can easily be handled
as in drop-off recycling. Because of the weight of the containers, by one person. i
the collection vehicles have to be fully automated. The manual Also, the hydraulic arm can be operated from inside the cab,
side- loading trucks, though, are for the curbside collection eliminating the need to fumble with hooks and locks — an
program" advantage in inclement weather conditions and with one - person
Tim Inglese, recycling specialist with Loda l, described another operations. I
advantage of roll-off containers: "With competitive bids for "It takes about 20 seconds to raise the collection container l
• commercial accounts, the ability to quickly drop off different up, and it takes about 20 seconds to lower the box. It's that easy,"
loads without expending too much time doing it can often be said Zantow.
AUGUST 1989 / *IKYCLNIG TODAY / 77
V ariables to consider grams, flexibility of uses comes with some also brought changes in the purchasing
a Zantow said the one-truck operation she ofthe smaller pick-up trucks, designed with patterns of vehicle buyers. While, as De-
j is running fits the size of the county's trailers and containers on the back. Their Young said, rear dumping trucks now seem
collection efforts. "A truck that allows advantage over larger, more basic models to be more popular, side dumpers are
the recyclables- hauler the flexibility of is their ability to be used in different ways. growing in demand because they can pour
doubling the payload through the use of a If the equipment can be used for collecting the individual containers into the separate
hook -lift system is important. Also helpful recyclables— but recycling collections are bins, avoiding the intermediate step of
. 1N is the hydraulic arm, which makes it easy only several times each month —the vehicle pouring collected material into a dump
I for one person to handle the whole is being wasted the rest of the time. If, truck.
operation" The trailer system is also ef- however, a truck with a hydraulic arm can This is also a strong point for smaller,
fective for operations travelling long dis- dump the recyclablesand the container and hook -arm vehicles. The tilt -back action al-
' tances, a bonus when many rural recycling still continue to handle other tasks, it lows the collection truck to act like a
programs use one or two trucks to cover becomes a more valuable piece of equip- dumper, reducing the amount of money
a large area. ment. needed to be spent on additional features.
For many of the smaller collection pro - The changes in collection centers have
High tech n. low tech
Because of the relative newness of
recycling — and particularly the variety of -
collection programs — Bio said, "Wearen't
sure where the market is going."
• G Bio believes this uncertainty has shown
E up in many recycling companies steering
awa from substantial vehicle investments.
pERK•RiviANcE
. . .
A problem with many
-� :. purchasers is their at-
170 TW titude that recycling is a
' / cure -all. Communities
A • - . a nd private haulers
. - p are
x ;� beginning to rush
through and there is a
V' r 'panic to catch up with
technology.'
i • `ate — _ -
i a I%a , - t ' - — 16 htDR ! 11
"Many people are looking fora lighter, less
YOU CAN TAKE TO THE BANK. expensive truck. There isn't a big invest-
ment in the product, especially since the
• Increase your profitability by increasing your productivity with recycling field is still in its infancy," Bio said.
! material handling Grapples from LaBounty. Our Grapples are the Other manufacturers, while agreeing
fastest, lightest, most powerful and versatile attachments with the uncertainty of the marketplace,
you can buy. feel there is more of a quick -fix mentality
Designed, engineered and manufactured to take the abuse of the in the marketplace. A problem with many
real world, LaBounty Grapples are tough. LaBounty Grapples purchasers is their attitude that recycling
handle, pull, place, pick and sort materials in a fraction of the time. is a cure-all. Communities and private
Increased production ... greater profits. That's what LaBounty haulers are beginning to rush through, and
Grapples provide you. there is a "panic to catch up with techno-
logy," said DeYoung.
Talk to us about Grapple Performance. "What happens then," he added, "is the
Call or write LaBounty today. purchaser ends up buying something that
will not maximize the assets of the muni-
cipality"
Inglese agrees with this assessment,
m e a t/ - P O. Box B. Two Harbors. MN 55616 U.S A. saying, "The (collection) field isn't really
Phone: (218) 834 -2123 hi -tech. You can get as much accomplished r
Fax: (218) 834 -3879 Telex: 290932 with a simpler, less expensive set -up.
LaBounty Manufacturing, Inc. us g.t.m• 0.902.701 - 4.017.114.4.704.792 - 4.199747 " Many operators feel they have to buy
'249471 °
''26n'' "7 519 95.4 4.522.323 a heavy-duty chassis. The recyclable
- 4
-4. 559. 515 .997.504 - • 771.540 . 4.703 969 - 4 9
719 75. J J
904"0119111A84 011'49 gown" vw19'19.4.a.a. products don't weigh nearly as much as the
4 LaBounty Manulaclunng. Inc . 1989 4.89 G /Scrap. Demo. 5
• garbage the regular waste haulers handle,
Circle 126 on reader service card (continued on page 80)
78 / RKYC1mK TODAY / AUGUST 1989 L.2
•
.manned from page 8) , i i r K � .- T • ••• Al
and they don't need a chassis as sturdy:" ! ,; t � - ' . ,t►', r . . � ; fi` .
said Inglese. T r r'
One element Inglese feels is overrated ' r "�-,
f, is a truck's load capability- Most standard- j j ''.& ` ::7..24:----...,.., ; -
i sized tr - 1 i r - i `
i " This weight is more than a truck will ever _ a r- ,.-
, ' V:.
'
have to handle at one time. For example, . f b _ �_.._ I
plastics take up a lot of room but very little � s ' i -- ,.
weight, and only paper has substantial ri' i ,, s _ =
weight to it:' ? •
"With the sodden boom in recycling, we .. r ' —~ :
are finding a strong demand for all our '...
products" said Inglese. An issue that is ." ..,;t '. 4 _ ., -� c• -
commonly debated is one of the most � ^�' • ` ! -. "E , '- -'. "�' �',. ' -,— ��'�,i'a' ,
rl
commonly asked questions: What is the • ,, , "` . . - L.' .: ' .." .12?-,71. _ -
capacity of thetrucks? How much they can Side vehicles are growing in popularity (Photo courtesy of 161vn GM)
haul ?" said Inglese.
A problem with this, Inglese warned, is "I think within the next two years the also be able to drive in narrower areas,
that different companies view capacity market for plastic is going to really take make sharper turns and handle more
. differently. "Some companies measure the off. Because the plastic takes up so much quickly than would a collection vehicle
outside of the container and come up with space and still weighs so little, people are being operated in a residential neighbor-
a standard volume. This can be deceptive. asking us if we have a crusher;' said hood. Smaller wheelbases should depend
Trucks have structural designs which Zuercher. on the environment in which the vehicle
should be included in the calculations" Another area to be considered is whether will be used. Once again, a customer should
Wayne Zuercher, a salesman with Kann the truck will be dealing with commercial have in mind the optional uses for the trucks
Manufacturing, believes the growth in wastes. In that type of use, the vehicle will before there is a commitment made to
plastics collection is also creating a demand need to be sturdier than one working in a purchase.
for added features to improve the amount more residential setting. Other issues customers in the market
of plastics that can be picked up. Commercial collection vehicles should (continued on page 82)
s
ALUMINUM CAN
NO W A VAILABLE STEEL
B ALER
...
A unit that con dump directly into a roll off container, i
packer truck, or anywhere.
/Curb Sorter�� A Licensed
,, ��° TRUCK SI DUMP Professional
� Engineer For: 1
\ • Ruggedness
• Performance
' "Rams roam
• Dependability , Raab" r
gnat • Quality i
Ar1411111111111111K .4 4 A . ° /
The Curb Sorter Truck Sid* Dump is today's answer to tomor- Mehl
.
row recycling needs. Designed to be time - saving, convenient, Custom Balers x
and practical. Each container elevates up and extends out giving also manufactured '1" . V- a'c
you the dumping height needed to clear your roll off units. You - t ��
con rapidly dump these containers into a pecker truck, drop off to customer - 4 i
pit, or as a lost resort, even onto the ground. $ ecial , 1
The Curb Sorter Truck Sid* Dump also has a low loading height
of d9" (with a 29" truck frame height) to allow fast and simple requirements fi t=
loading from both sides. The containers rang* in size, providing a I
the flexibility and capacity for your recycling requirements. These
units may be ordered to dump all street, all curbside, or alter-
nately to fit your particular needs.
Coll or write for WASTE RECYCLER MFG. CO.
more information IK A N NI to P.O. Box 410364 Charlotte, NC 28241
MANUFACTURING CORP. Phone (704) 588 -4506
(319) 252.2035 c� �b;ro hove .O. lax D Fax (704) 588 -4565
Circle 127 on reader service card Circle 129 on reader service card
t
MMUS .
(co aimed fmm Page 80)
for recycling vehicles should consider are
the maximum height ofthe station where the I
material will be dumped and the height of
The engine when
ne use tipping . s''' j
by Lodal — the only - ri ,e; , ' � ttj L .-
manufacturer building curbside collection s - r t
trucks from the ground up, Inglese said — r ,�: l > 4 isa six- cylinder. The small engine, Inglese - � � ,� ,
feels, makes the truck quicker and more - , . —
..,.._:c •. f
efficient, a bonus to many commercial re- ,
T ' Y J •
cyders who rely on cost effectiveness to 4I
win contracts. _ , w : • .' s _
"With the small engine and the large t "' F" � ;
brakes the Lodal trucks have a single o r-
1,000 houses each day, . = r' .- -
ator can do about 1 ._
six days a week "
The trucks also have controls on the in-
side of the cab instead of on the exterior, _
reducing the chance of injury to the operator F< :� ;.
Smaller vehicks are not limited to collecting just recyclabks. (Photo courtesy of Multitek Inc.)
and damage to the control panel.
Tests done by several municipalities have begins subsidizing these operations, there opportunity for most recyclables," Karpan
seen these changes pay off with higher really won't be.a strong recycling environ- added.
productivity. The daily average number of went," said Karpan. A new, improved truck won't necessarily
households many of the drivers can collect And while the development of secon- make money for the owner, although an
from ranges between 1,000- 2,000. • dary uses for the collected materials has efficient operation will maximize the dol-
Despite the success ofthe different recy- been great, the market still is unable to lars spent. — Daniel Sandoval •
cling programs, the economics of the sit - sustain, for the most part, more equip -
uation still stymie the public as well as the ment than presently used. "The economic The author is assistant editor of Recycling
private contractors. "Until the government situation of the material points to limited Today.
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•
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PINE TREE MACHINERY, INC. JAEGER INDUSTRIES INC.
43
104 -120 THADEUS ST., SOUTH PORTLAND, MAINE 04106 - 6239 GAYLORD RD., ST. THOMAS, ONTARIO, CANADA N5P 3S1
1 TELEPHONE 207 767 - 2612 519 - 631 - 5100 TX 064 - 73535
Circle 130 on reader service card ■ FAX 519 - 633 - 5139 J •
82 / bxYCLali TODAY / AUGUST 1989 / Clrrle lz e card
i
: ^
Simplicity and Standardization
SpeIl Su ccess in MRF Equipment
1
Vern Lundell doesn't beep rein- It once focused on farm equipment, but
I venting the wheel. The than who Lundell Manufacturing now specializes in
holds hundreds of patents for equipment
1 and machinery— thedesigneroffarmplows material- recycling systems, with a
to cubers to densifiers and shredders to ` one-size-fits-all' approach.
choppers — developed a recycling system pP
once, and hasn't tied up his time and energy
and that of a staff of engineers repeating ■Iii* 17; - - .
• the process time after time. _ i . ' °.1. 110‘-
Ludeli's material - recycling facility, es- ` - L - ••
sentially, is a one -size- fits -all package — l ' y ,AIM. .
although part of its flexibility is that it can ; j , 1 • i i - a _ ..--
be installed in any size configuration and 1 I �
adapted and re- adapted as an operator's 1 - 1 t 1 ! I _ - -
i needs change. Lundell's philosophy? "Why i •. cc = 1
change it if it works ?" , M ` ii -
''
MRF equipment, as Lundell sees it, - I . �.
_
should be simple, dependable and inter- ` ^ i _� !' HI' T -
. - changeable from system to system. The cep- '�� �_ .. �' �T
proachhelps control cost of fabricating the I V . .. t �f� '' = i OP
equipment; assembling components at ; ? I i �_�.. '
. _ , .
Lundell Manufacturing Co.'s Cherokee, J �` , $ -
Iowa, plant; getting a system up and ruunning , Mai ?jig - _11 .. �tl . we+.. : _
at a client's site and keeping that system `- �../ ;,� ,.� - _
operational. �� - - " + .. ?.." — ' •
Going way back r , - - - _
While Lundell's entry into recycling r
equipmentisrelativelyrecent , he's nonew Modular units compose a Lindell recycling system. (Photograph counesy of Lundell Manufacturing
comer to the design and manufacture of a Co.)
diverse line of equipment. -
"About eight or nine years ago we saw ferent elements of a system had been is modular, with 10 -foot units comprising
that farm equipment was going down," ex- manufactured by as many as 10 different the 150 -foot line. Four conveyors crossing
piained Lundell, company chairman. "In- companies. "None went together;' he said. under floor -level feed the system, with each
ternational Harvester and others were going "They weren't integrated. They came up line designed to handle 100 tons of materials I
out of business. About the same time, I saw with some 'cobbled up' deal:' per day. Each line is self-contained, running
the garbage problem coming on and I saw The design, construction and operation in a negative- air - pressure environment to
the landfill problem corning on " of Lundell MRF equipment stresses keep its surroundings clean. i
Did Lundell turn to his research -and- simplicity and standardized parts. "We don't just separate, we process the ,
development department? Not the man who Lundell — who first opened shop in 1945 materials;' Lundell stressed, emphasizing j
quit school afterthe eighth grade "because in a two -car garage in Meriden, Iowa — the uselessness of culling recyclables from
I wanted to get into business." scoffs at the notion of custom - designed the waste stream if they're not marketable.
"I learned a lot of things the hard way," material- recovery systems. "Why custo- The system separates and processes plastic '
Lundell boasted, in defense of his liberal mize ?" he asked. "If we customize, we're and vinyl (approximately 1 -5 percent of the
education. "I designed machines for 45 going backwards. A custom system is some- typical waste stream), steel (5 -10 percent),
years and have hundreds of patents. I had thing 'special, and if that company goes organics for compost (20-30 percent), ,
a college professor tell me once that my out ofbusiness, they can't give it away. Why aluminum (1 -5 percent) and paper (50 -60
invention wouldn't work, but when he came not build something standard throughout percent). By adding multiple units to work
out here — with five carloads of people the world ?" in tandem, a system can accommodate up
— and he saw it work, he hit me on the A customer visiting Lundell Manufac- to 5,000 tons per day.
shoulder and said, 'It's a good thing you turing's plant doesn't have to be dissuaded Calculating a system's cost is easy, too:
did this, because I wouldn't have tried it. "' from his initial notion of customized equip- $1.25 million per line.
In assessing systems made to separate ment, Lundell added. "They don't insist," Components of these systems, their do
and process recyclables from the waste when they see his system. "They forget veloper said, are "overbuilt." Bearings, for
stream, Lundell found many systems in a about that in a hurry:' example — an integral element of such a
state of "chaos," trying to get the job done A Lundell system is as close to "off-the- system — are designed for 50,000 hours
without a unified design. Sometimes dif- shelf' as MRF equipment gets uipment (continued on page 100)
98 / ttRht3Ni TODAY / AUGUST 1989 /
l
•• :rat :'T - -
4
Illth torque, slow -speed shredder, where mat- high -speed shredder and into the Customer's ,
:° (Cann fnm page 98) erial size is reduced to no larger than two choice ofa baler, into densified fuel pellets
square feet. Falling to a conveyor below, for burning or into fluffto fuel incinerators
of use. "We have the longest life on our material passes through a reversed wheel, or other burners.
bearings of any system going," he said. where it is levelled to create an even feed "The whole system is one straight, neat
"We've designed simplicity into the system, into the system. At this point, pickers re- line," said Lundell, whose 200,000- square-
using experts in bearings and belting, and move items such as hard plastics and rags, foot plant, at full production, can have 25
using the very best of everything." The and the automated system does the rest. systems under construction at a time and
company will furnish a customer with spec- Five magnetic roller units pull steel out can complete about one per day. About 20
ifications and plans for up to 90 percent of material up to one foot deep before it Lundell systems are in operation today in
of the entire operation — including the passes over a magnetic belt, which removes the U.S. and Canada.
{ building to house it — and commit to set- yet more ferrous materials ( "We get an ex-
up of a system in less than one week's time. c ellent separation of steel . There's no way `Thumbs -up' in the field
i steel can get through this system. ") Routed The two most recent Lundell installations
Everything in its place to a high -speed shredder, steel cans are are in Berrien County, Ga., and in Iowa
A key to making a material - recycling stripped of all paper labels before being River, Iowa. In both cases, other systems
facility work is having each process per- compressed into a high value product with were considered when the initial selection
formed in the proper sequence, Lundell strong market value. was being made. In both cases, Lundell was
stressed. The design process meant be- The Lundell system's "double trape- a clear choice, according to those who made
ginning at one end of the system and logi- zoids" next screen dirt and fine material, or helped make the decision.
cally thinking the process through to the separating out compost material and glass, The Georgia plant went into operation
end, knowing where each material had to which is routed off to another high -speed Dec. 1, and when original proposal were
come out. Steel, for example, needed to shredder. Glass comes out with the con- solicited, "we were overrun with folks,"
' come out early in the separation process sistency of sand (a material in demand by said Joe Stallings, a consultant to the county
to make the other steps effective. highway builders for use in aggregate mix). solid -waste authority and, at the time, an
From the tipping floor, commingled mat- The system claims "close to 100 percent" elected county commissioner. Proposals for
erials are dumped by a small loader or aluminum separation, which, again, is recovery systems, however, either wouldn't
grabfork, three to four feet deep, onto a handled automatically following removal be specific on their cost or first sought
. - slow - moving conveyor. A faster conveyor of heavy fragments such as stainless, brass, $50, 000 - $60000 from the county for a study
spreads out materials, proceeding past one bones and rocks by an air separator. Fol- of its solid -waste problem.
or two pickers "who pull out things like lowing removal of the aluminum, paper For $984,000, Berrien County got into
bicycles and paint cans," and up into a high- proceeds down the line, through another (continued on page 102)
■
le.:J„ NORTH SHORE RECYCLED FIBERS
.,
_......i g A NEWARK GROUP, INC. CO.' '
SALEM, MA MALDEN MA WEBSTER, MA
• = 53 Jefferson Ave. Maiden Wastepaper Wastepaper Corp. of
CC N Salem, MA 01970 1130 Eastern Ave. Worcester County
CD (617) 289 -9400 Malden, MA 02148 Cudworth Rd.
D o Telex: 595955 (617) 322 -2337 Webster, MA 01570
Fax: 508 -744 -8857 (508) 943 -0727
F Fax: 508- 943 -0857
RECYCLED FIBERS of NEW JERSEY
z
A NEWARK GROUP, INC. CO.
NEWARK, NJ Lockwood St.
Newark, NJ 07105
a
(201) 465-3900
L U
Fax: 201-589-7916
. g
1
..
RECYCLED FIBERS of CALIFORNIA
L o A NEWARK GROUP, INC. CO.
1
LOS ANGELES CA 6001 South Eastern Ave. WE GENERATE, BUY & SELL
•
Los Angeles, CA 90040
41% 0 T ele x : 24006 728-6868
400658 WASTE PAPER
. to Fax: 213- 888 -8783
SPECIALIZING IN EXPORT
`
100) RIMING TOC*Y / AUGUST 1989 Circle 142 on reader service card \
IMIN
IIIRFs
Stallings. lets, with the University of Iowa testing 500
- tLO mined from page tool Berrien County has two or three pros - tons in its furnaces. Some is mixed with
•• pects for its fuel pellets, but faces a problem coal and burned at a soybean- processing
' the recycling business with a single-line ofhav' toomuchmaterialtostore —about
I,- �?^c 8 8 rng plant. And a buyer of the compost mixes
100- ton - per -day plant, the first in Georgia. 30tons per day —but not enough to supply it with chicken manure, an acknowledged
Now running only one shift per day, it a big user. source of nitrogen, for use as a soil-en-
processes 50-60 tons per day from the rural Larry James McDowell's Waste Re- hancer.
•
county of about 14,000 people, about 30 source Recycling Co. of Iowa Falls runs its
miles from the Florida border. While one 160 -foot Lundell line about six hours per Recycling the results
county's garbage won't support more than day, handling about 50 tons of waste from But selling, building and assembling
I the single line, Stallings added, plans are all 11 towns in Hardin County. When Mc- material - recovery systems isn't the only
eventually to take in garbage from sur- Dowell shopped for material- recovery thing on Vernon Lundell's mind. Pulling
rounding counties, run the single line up equipment, he found a system manufactured materials out the waste stream is no more
to 16 hours per day, and then evaluate the in Minnesota with a S22 million price tag. than an exercise if no markets for those
t possibility of expansion. Then he found Vernon Lundell. materials exist. "Iw�on't sell a system unless
I Plans for two new Lundell systems in "It looked to me like it was the best it will make them money," he stressed. "A
Georg — a four -line and a two-line — machine for the money;' McDowell said. customer has to have the right tipping fees
are expected to be finalized within the next "I hated to have to go overseas for parts." and a market for the recyclables. We make
six months, Stallings said. McDowell finds most markets strong in those recyclables into a product, whether
Markets for Berrien County's recyclables his part of the country too, with the usage it's steel or paper or aluminum. You've got
— except for paper fuel pellets— havebeen of materials, though, varying from those to have a market for them.
strong, Stallings said. "It takes time to de- in Georgia. Ferrous metals, traditionally, "This is a sleeping giant;' Lundell as-
velop the plastics markets, but the compost are being bought by a steel company in serted. "We're switching over our efforts;
and aluminum are a piece of cake," he said. Waterloo, Iowa, and some plastics are we will put our main efforts into recycling
The county is awaiting delivery of a baler shipped to Eaglebrook Plastics near Chi - systems. These systems are as close to per -
for plastic that's been accumulating at the cago for recycling into drainage tile. But fect as they can be. We keep watching and
plant for about six months. Aluminum will among his two or three plastics buyers is keeping track of them. If we see one isn't
also be baled; a mobile shredder is now one in Missouri which recycles the resins as close to perfect as it can be, we'll change
s ' brought to the facility by an independent into four -by -eight sheets for construction it or correct it immediately." — ArnieRos-
contractor. The one -cent- per -pound the of hog buildings. enberg
authority is paid by a scrap yard for its steel McDowell has less ofa problem than does
covers the cost of its transportation, said Stallings in disposing of his paper fuel pel- The author is editor of Recycling Today.
� 'dSTATES 1
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•
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ist
102 / RICYCUNG TODAY / AUGUST 1989 a Circle 143 on reader service card
Recycling legislation is part of governor's
tax proposal �J
The legislative recommendations of the law." This provision would become ef- 11.9 billion units in 1984 to 18.8 billion
Governor's Select Committee on Recy- fective when the governor signs the bill units in 1987 (a 55 percent increase in
cling and the Environment (SCORE), and would remain in effect until June 30, just three years).
which did not pass during the regular 1990.
1989 legislative session are part of Disposing of plastics in landfills causes
Governor Perpich's proposed tax bill. Cities interested in enacting packaging two main problems in locations that are
ordinances similar to those Minneapo- short of landfill capacity. According to
The League supports the SCORE legis- lis, St. Paul, and several other communi- various studies, plastics account for
lation, except the section which pre- ties have adopted thus have only a short between seven and ten percent of the
empts local packaging authority which time in which to act. waste stream weight and up to 50 per -
we oppose. We are also concerned that cent by volume. The estimates for the
although many of the potential state/ The League and the Metropolitan Mu- Twin Cities area are nine percent by
county intergovernmental issues have nicipalities have appointed a joint solid weight and 40 percent by volume.
been addressed many county /city issues waste task force. That group has recom-
have been left unresolved. mended that all cities in Minnesota Plastics also take up more space because
consider adopting either a packaging they are essentially non-degradable. The
The governor included the SCORE leg- ordinance with an effective date some- life of a landfill decreases when non-
islation in the tax bill after two meetings time in the summer of 1990 or pass a degradable materials constitute such a
among county representatives resulted resolution stating the city's intent to significant part of the volume.
in an agreement among them on how to adopt such an ordinance if the 1990
distribute the revenues from a new six Legislature fails to take steps to require Other concerns arise with incineration
percent sales tax on refuse collection environmentally acceptable packaging. of plastics including the release of toxins
services. Under the agreement, 75 per- (chlorine, dioxins, furans, etc.) into the
cent of the total revenues would go to the Why adopt a packaging air and leaving toxins in the ash that
counties to finance recycling programs. ordinance? need disposal later. Toxic air emissions
The state would retain 25 percent. have been a problem for many incinera-
The disposal of solid waste is becoming tors in general and are likely to be even
Table A (page 15) indicates the esti- a major problem. We are rapidly run- more of a concern as plastics become a
mated distribution of the county p ass ping out of space (capacity) in many larger part of the waste stream.
through money, an estimatd $24.5 mil- landfills, particularly in the Twin Cities
lion in 1990. Although the seven- metropolitan area, but some areas in Proponents have argued that incinerat-
county metropolitan area has sli Greater Minnesota have an equally se- ing plastics is relatively safe when they
more population than the Greater Min- are burned at proper temperatures and
vere capacity problem. Society is also
nesota area, it will receive slightly less learning that for many materials incin- not mixed with other wastes. However,
revenue under the SCORE proposal. The usually plastics are mixed with other
erators may not be a good environmental
estimate for 1990 is 47 percent for metro, waste materials and the temperatures
alternative to landfill disposal. Plastics
53 percent for Greater Minnesota. In
a unique problem for either disposal may not be controlled as they are under
1991 that difference will decrease, with technique. laboratory conditions.
49 percent for metro and 51 percent for
Greater Minnesota. The U.S. Environmental Protection Because plastics in the waste stream
Agency (EPA) has estimated that plan- cause a major problem for both landfilling
The SCORE legislation also includes a and incineration, can recycling programs
tics in the waste stream will more than
pre - emption of local packaging ordi- solve or mitigate the problem? Some
double by early in the twenty -first cen- plastics can be recycled but it is difficult
nances. The bill states that "it is the tury, with an increase from 14.7 billion P y
policy of this state to manage p acka g in g pounds in 1987 to 34.1 billion pounds in to distinguish among the many types of
and labeling in a uniform manner through- 2002 According to the Metropolitan plastics and there are severe economic
out the state. Political subdivisions ma y Council, plastic container production has
problems associated with collection and
not adopt and are pre- empted from adopt - increased six -fold since 1972 and four- sale of recyclable plastics. Estimates
ing or enforcing labeling or p acka g in g fold since 1979. Plastic food and bever- indicate that only 20 percent of all plas- M:
requirements that are different than state age container production increased from tics can be recycled. It is likely that the
page 12 / LMC Cities Bulletin
l�
cost would be prohibitive as well and as possible to be recycled; prevent the likely to happen soon. Therefore, to
could range up to 5700 per ton based on displacement of recyclable materials with hopefully preclude a hodge -podge of
a pilot program in St. Louis Park. non - recyclable materials; and ensure that differing local packaging regulating or
s' r. remaining waste is as benign as possible. dinances, the LMC/AMM Joint Solid
While Minneapolis and St. Paul were Waste Advisory Committee is recom-
the first to adopt ordinances regulating The adoption of the local packaging mending that a city desiring to adopt
the packaging of food products, many ordinances alarmed the industry which such an ordinance, use the model ordi-
other cities have since adopted such made an attempt in the last session of the nance which the committee has devel-
ordinances. The ordinances affect retail Legislature to pre -empt local units from oped.
food establishments mostly including adopting such regulatory ordinances. The
grocery stores of all types and restau- bill (SF 95 /HF 417) did not pass in the The committee feels it will be politically
rants. The ordinances exclude hospitals last minutes of the session, but it will more difficult for the Legislature to jus-
and nursing homes. The ordinances do likely resurface during the next regular tify a pre - emption of local government's
not ban plastics in packaging but require session or even in the special session authority to pass ordinances of this type
that food packaging materials be de- which is being planned for September. if they are identical or nearly so. It will
gradablc, returnable, or recyclable. The also be easier and cheaper for the indus-
ordinances are aimed at managing the While it might be better to address this try to adjust their practices if the require -
waste stream and have three main goals: issue (regulating packaging) through ments are the same from city to city. See
encourage as much of the waste stream federal or state legislation, that is not the model below. JJ
Model ordinance
AN ORDINANCE REGULATING THE USE, SALE, CONVEYANCE OR POSSESSION
BY A FOOD ESTABLISHMENT OF PACKAGING MATERIAL THAT
IS NOT ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE
The Cfy Council of the City of does ordain: stream less damaging to the environment, and to make our City
and neighboring communities more environmentally sound
Section 1. LEGISLATIVE PURPOSE. The City Council finds places to live.
that discarded packaging from foods and beverages consti-
r' tutes a significant and growing portion of the waste In the city's Section 2. DEFINITIONS. The following terms as used in this
waste stream. Regulation of food and beverage packaging, Ordinance shall have the following meanings.
therefore, is a necessary part of any effort to encourage a re-
cyclable and compostable waste stream, thereby reducing the Subd. 1 "Environmentally Acceptable Packaging" shall mean
disposal of solid waste and the economic and environmental and include any of the following:
costs of waste management for the citizens of the city and
others working or doing business in the city. a. : Paper or other cellulose based
packaging ca of being deco by natural blo
The Council further finds that plastic packaging Is rapidly or biochemical Degradable processes
replacing other packaging material, and that most plastic
packaging used for foods and beverages is nondegradable, b. Returnable Packaging: Food or beverage containers or
nonreturnable, and nonrecyclable. packages, such as, but not limited to, soft drink bottles and milk
containers that are capable of being returned to the distributor,
The Council also finds that the two main processes used to such as, but not limited to, dairies and soft drink bottlers, for
dispose of discarded nondegradable, nonreturnable, and non- reuse as the same food or beverage container use at least
recyclable plastic food and beverage packaging are land filling once;
and Incineration, both of which should be minimized for envi-
ronmental reasons. Chemicals hazardous to human health and c. Recyclable Packaging: Packaging made of materials that
to the safety of the environment are present in the composition are separable from solid waste by the generator or during col -
of plastic packaging, are believed to leach into the groundwa- lection and are currently collected for recycling in an organized
ter when this packaging is placed in landfills, have been found fashion as required by city Code. Packaging made of either
to escape into the air when this packaging is burned in incinera- polyethylene terepthalate (P.E.T.) or high density polyethylene
tors, and contribute to environmental problems associated with (H.D.P.E.) shall be considered to be recyclable if an when it is
ash residue resulting from the Incineration process. collected for recycling in the same manner as here stated.
The council therefore finds that the minimization of nonde- Subd. 2 "Food establishment" shall mean any building, room,
gradable, nonreturnable, and nonrecyclable food and bever- stand, enclosure, vehicle, space, area, or other place wherein
^ age packaging originating at retail food establishments within food is stored, prepared, manufactured, processed, wrapped,
I t P the City Is necessary and desirable in order to reduce the City's canned, packed, bottled, transported, distributed, sold or of-
waste stream, so as to reduce the volume of Iandfilled waste, fered for sale or served in any way with or without charge
to minimize toxic by- products of incineration, to make the waste except private homes.
See Model, page 14
August 25, 1989 / Q page 13
Model, continued
Subd. 3 "Packaging" shall mean and include all food- related (e) food establishments that have developed a privately funded
wrappings, adhesives, cords, bindings, strings, tapes, ribbons, recycling and processing program approved by the City Coun-
bags, boxes, coverings, and containers; and shall further cil for the packages they sell or convey on their premises.
Include cups, glasses and similar containers for drinking out of 1
or for holding liquids, and plates and serving trays, but shah Section 6. PENALTIES. Each violation of any provision of this
specifically exclude plastic knives, forks, and spoons sold or Ordinance or resolutions granting exemptions under Section 5
Intended for use as utensils. of this Ordinance shall be a petty misdemeanor. THE MAXI-
MUM FINE FOR A VIOLATION SHALL BE $ . Each day on
Section 3. PROHIBITIONS. No person owning, operating, or which a violation occurs constitutes a separate violation.
conducting a food establishment within the City shall do or allow
to be done any of the following within the City: Section 7. LICENSE ADVERSE ACTION. A violation of this
Ordinance shall be sufficient grounds for the revocation, sus -
a. Sell or convey at retail or possess with the intent to sell or pension, denial or nonrenewal of any license for the food estab-
convey at retail any food or beverage that Is placed, wrapped, Ilshment at which the violation occurs.
or packaged, at any time at or before the time or point of sale,
In or on packaging which Is not environmentally acceptable Section 8. SEVERABILITY. If any part or provision of this
packaging. Ordinance or the application thereof to any person, entity, or
circumstances shall be adjudged unconstitutional or invalid by
b. Provide to retail customers, or possess with the intent to any court of competent jurisdiction, such judgment shall be
provide to retail customers, packaging which is not environ- confined In its operation to the part, provision, or application
mentally acceptable packaging. which is directly involved in the controversy in which such
judgment shall have been rendered, and shall not affect or
Section 4. REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION. The presence on Impair the validity of the remainder of this Ordinance or the ap-
the premises of the food establishment of packaging which is pfication thereof to other persons, entities, or circumstances.
not environmentally acceptable packaging shall constitute a
rebuttable presumption of Intent to sell or convey at retail, or to Section 9. EFFECTIVE DATE. This Ordinance shall take effect
provide to retail customers packaging which is not environmen- July 1, 1990. The City Council may, however, delay the
tally acceptable packaging; provided, however, that this sub- effective date of this Ordinance for a period not to exceed six
paragraph shall not apply to manufacturers, brokers, or ware- (6) months.
house operators, who conduct or transact no retail food or
beverage business. Optional Provisions
Section 5. EXEMPTIONS. Notwithstanding any other provi- Some of the ordinances which cities have adopted specify
sion to the contrary, this chapter shall not apply to: which officer of the city is responsible for enforcement. These
ordinances usually vest this officer with authority to grant
(a) any flexible transparent or opaque covering of 10 mils or exemptions under section 5 and to adopt rules and regulations
less In thickness; for administration of the ordinance. Additionally, some cities
have chosen to not specify the maximum petty misdemeanor
(b) any packaging used at hospitals or nursing homes; fine. Unless specified, the maximum penalty would be $200.
Some of the earlier adopted ordinances have an effective date
(c) any paper, cellophane, or other cellulose -based packaging of July 1. Other cities have chosen August 1 as the Initial effec-
that is coated with plastic; tive date. Finally, some ordinances provide for creation of an
advisory committee. At least one city has designated the LMC!
(d) any packaging which is not environmentally acceptable, but AMM Solid Waste Task Force as is advisory committee.
for which there is no commercially available alternative as de-
termined by the City Council by resolution adopted pursuant to The text of optional sections follows:
this Ordinance. In determining whether there are commercially
available alternatives the City Council shall consider the follow- Section ENFORCEMENT. The (Insert title of city employee
ing: (1) the availability of environmentally acceptable packag- charged with enforcement) shall have the duty and authority to
Ing for affected products; (2) the economic consequences to enforce provisions of this ordinance.
manufacturers, suppliers, retailers, and other vendors of re-
quiring environmentally acceptable packaging when available; Section RULES AND REGULATIONS. The (insert title of city
and (3) the competitive effects on manufacturers, suppliers, employee charged with enforcement) may, upon notice and
retailers, and other vendors Involved In the sale of product hearing, promulgate such rules and regulations as may be
brands or labels available only in packaging that is not environ- necessary to carry out the purposes of this Ordinance and pro -
mentally acceptable packaging. Exemptions granted under tect the health of the public, including the development of ex-
this paragraph or by resolution of the City Council shall be re- emptions under Section 5 for packaging for which there Is no
viewed no less frequently than once every two years to deter - commercially available alternative and for flexible coverings. In
mine whether current conditions continue to warrant the ex- promulgating such rules the (insert title) shall consider the
emotion. legislative purposes provided In Section 1 of this ordl- `
nonce and shall consult with the operators of affected food
establishments.
page 14 LMC Cities Bulletin
i
Section ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENTALLY (c) advising the City Council on the feasibility of the effective
ACCEPTABLE PACKAGING. The City Council shall, by reso- date of this Ordinance and recommending whether or not the
lutbn, establish an Advisory Committee on Environmentally effective date should be extended;
Acceptable Packaging. The resolution shall provide for the
p�. membership, manner of appointment, the Committee's charge (d) assisting in efforts to expand the City's recycling program to
(r ► and its duration. The membership shall be drawn from affected include the collection of potentially recyclable materials not
governmental units, business and industry, trade associations, presently collected, Including consideration of financial assis-
general business organizations, consumer groups, envlron- tance;
mental groups, and others as determined in the resolution. the
charge of the Committee shall Include the following: (e) recommending actions other levels of government and
industry can take to advance the goals of this Ordinance;
(a) monitoring Industry and governmental actions relating to
environmentally acceptable packaging; (f) assisting in the development and implementation of public
education programs on recycling and packaging.
(b) advising the Cly Council and city staff on implementation
Issues;
Table A
8-3-69 OPTION 2: ALL REVENUE APPROPRIATED TO COUNTIES ON A PER CAPITA BASIS ONLY
(INCLUDES, ORIGINAL BLOCK GRANT APPROPRIATION, STATE AGENCY SAVINGS,
LCTME AND REVENUE FROM 30% REDUCTION IN MINIMUM AMOUNT IN FIRST YEAR).
SCORE 0020.7 PASS 1.0006. 1041LS 11 (Omar S1 1440.19 11,01.111 SCORE broom In FT C'"'�T� 1/4'4° -
mom on , mom en 1996 PonoulatIM PrcJectionsl 115.551.101 SCORE 4roceeos In Ft '91
Prorate snares used a maculation 111311 minibus snare la 1991
153.110 slalom snare In 011
COMNTI SNAILS 1991 -91 0001171 SNARES 014 -91
COusT0 IOfu1Ai10N ft 00 ft 91 TOTALS COUNTY POPULATION 09 91 fl 91 TOTALS
Mau 221.739 1411.160 1795.619 11.211,151 Lu.fbooas 3.181 131.510 155.000 193.500
Greer 44314 001.110 1155.761 1242,115 We 23,555 149.439 100,519 1131.149
0aota 264.941 1491.512 1111,142 11.111.013 &Women 5,541 /11.500 155,110 193.500
Nenntoln 911.131 11.911.196 13.453.221 15,312.124 Iar,MIl 12,416 131,500 155.100 193.506
Iasey 416.169 1921.155 11.641.930 12.569.915 Mrtln 23.70 646.134 162.414 1121.440
Scott 16.127 6161.391 1194.149 1312.441 Ilclaoo 31.661 169.310 1116.194 1165.512
sasnIngton 130.246 1161.455 1411.114 0146.161 Meter 21.141 111,711 112.115 1113.582
�-• 11111 La, 18.711 130,510 165,110 1113.510
{ 061001014 2.114.20 4.211.134 7,616.521111.155.164 Iorrison 31.171 151.370 1114.411 1162.161
14640 1 111 196 lower 31.190 175,238 1134.095 1209.133
Surrey 11.714 131.500 155.100 193.500
Alta,. 13.311 111.510 005.110 113.511 Ilcollet 21,414 155.125 196.619 1153.114
letter 31.211 141.312 6111.10 1161.411 nobles 21.134 141,213 113.190 1115.163
kltral 33.114 865.553 1117.351 6112311 arson 1,952 630,500 155.100 193.500
knton 21.104 853.945 116.518 1151.521 0l.1te0 161.459 1191.351 1341339 1542.290
110 Stone 1.575 131.511 155.100 113310 otter 1411 55.127 1116,650 1190.932 1291.512
liwe (arta 52.596 8111.754 1112.166 1213.111 Pennington 13.550 131.510 655.110 113.500
Iran 28,115 154.257 117.134 1151.390 Pine 21.114 140.111 672.190 1113.160
triton 21.432 155,005 191.414 1153,479 Ploestone 11.151 131.510 155.100 193.500
Lase 11.114 141363 675.311 1114.354 9.16 33.06 165.111 1116.116 1111.095
Cnlooewl 14.400 131.500 155.000 193.511 Pooe 11.643 131.500 155.100 193.500
Cnlsago 21.957 150,121 1100.292 1156.113 leo Late 4,961 1)1300 155.101 193.500
Clay 19.461 $5.656 1111.20 1266.905 0eowooc 11.146 111300 662.648 611046
Ci,arwater 9.154 138.500 155.100 193.500 Ienellle 11.945 136.510 165.616 1104.11c
toot 4,274 136.510 155.100 103.510 Ilce 41.112 092.692 1165.944 1251.635
tottonwoo0 13.464 131.501 155.000 113.500 lock 11.318 131.510 155.110 193.500
Crow wing 43.512 664.316 1151.946 6235.261 Roseau 14.009 131.500 155.000 193.510
00091 15.167 131.510 155.110 193.500 Sherburne 14399 111.105 6126.760 1191.566
bugles 23.945 151.132 1111.114 1181,441 Sibley 16.366 131.500 155.000 193.560
Farloault 10.140 030316 162.020 1111.320 Stearns 111.011 1226.520 1115.530 1632.649
Fillers 21.251 841.115 113.616 1114.121 Steele 10.014 159,130 6116.932 6166.662
fretoore 14.514 166.121 6111.116 1116.143 Stevens 11.041 030.510 155.111 193.506
Roonnue 40.209 111.944 6139.541 1217,485 St. souls 211.646 1111.115 1694.935 11.113.111
Grant 7.104 130.500 155.110 193.600 Swift 12.226 131.560 055.160 193.500
mouston 11.911 136.516 165.130 6114.230 1.00 25.216 141.900 111.543 6136.443
wooaro 15.563 631.500 $5.110 193,500 T 4.955 636.500 155.100 153.560
mint 26.511 151.03 191.110 1143,120 Samna 11.299 138.510 066.142 1105.342
Itasca 43,442 604.114 0150.461 8234.515 booms 13.696 110.500 655.000 693.666
4atasan 12.944 131.500 055.100 093,500 Meseta 11.117 111.510 165.172 0103.612
1331041 12.001 031.500 055,000 093.511 6atonwan 11,473 038300 055.100 093.500
w,olyonl 41.190 011.753 1139.191 0218.950 .11on 1.108 130.500 155.000 193.500
Nlttson 6.623 110.500 055.100 193.500 NInom 41.132 111.113 1163.241 1254.424
noocnlcniag 15.116 131.510 155.001 193.510 01550 0 10 10 16
lac 0 Perle 9.159 131.510 155.001 03.500 bright 65.139 1121.311 1228.033 1355.101
lane 11.211 131.500 155.100 03.500 Ieilow 080. 12.411 136.500 155.010 193.500
le Sum 13.119 15.442 611,354 1126.196
Lincoln 1,641 04.540 055.110 193,510 00151071 1010L 2,111.610 4.125,164 1343.112 112.668.636
, 1 006101 1 531 511
STATE TOTAL 1.316.141 1.914.100 0331.111 624.524.000
August 25, 1989 page 15
Below is an enactment timeline for the solid waste provisions proposed in
the Governor's Property Tax and Local Aids Reform Plan
(includes the former SCORE bill with amendments)
1989 Provisions effective immediately:
• Pass - through funding to counties which have a separate recycling account and established
accounting procedure
• Grants and loans available for market development, waste reduction, recycling and litter
projects
V • 10% price preference for state agency purchases on products made from recycled materials
• Cooperative transportation system for recyclable materials
• Model zoning criteria for recycling facilities
• Safety guides for operation of recycling and yard waste facilities
• Optional uniform recycling center signs on all Minnesota roadways
• Solid waste cost must be visible to all waste generators
• Trash collectors must be licensed and recycling collectors may be licensed
• Problem materials may be labeled on the store shelves
• Problem material processing & disposal and separation & collection plans by the OWM
• Civil penalties extended to litter offenses
• $5 refundable surcharge is imposed at the sale of lead acid batteries, retailers must accept
spent lead acid batteries
September 30 After this date, a 6% sales tax on solid waste collection and disposal shall
be imposed
November 1 The Office of Waste Management (OWM) presents recycling progress and
financial reports to the House and Senate Appropriation & Finance
committees and the Legislative Commission on Waste Management
(LCWM)
1990 January 1 Prohibition on major appliances in mixed municipal solid waste stream
June 30 Pre - emption of local packaging and labeling ordinances is repealed
July 1 Distribution of county pass- through funding (NOTE: counties must
provide evidence to the OWM that a 25% local match for pass- through
funds exists)
July 15 OWM shall submit a major appliance report to the legislature and the
LCWM
August 1 Counties submit recycling progress & pass- through financial reports for
previous year
printed on recycled /recyclable paper
October 1 The "opportunity to recycle" provision becomes effective:
- Each county must have at least one recycling facility that accepts four
types of materials in addition to problem materials and major
appliances and a quarterly public information campaign that informs
residents of recycling opportunities;
- Communities of 5,000 or more in Greater Minnesota must have a
recycling center, curbside collection or centralized drop -off that
accepts at least four types of materials;
- Cities of the first and second class and communities of 5,000 or more
in the Metropolitan Area must have at least monthly curbside collection
of four types of materials
November 1 The OWM presents recycling progress and financial reports to the House
and Senate Appropriation & Finance committees and the LCWM
The Departments of Administration and Public Safety shall review and
report on the barriers to recycling in public buildings and the progress
to overcoming these barriers to the LCWM
Department of Revenue reports the amount of revenue raised by the sales
tax to the House and Senate Appropriation & Finance committees and the
LCWM
1991 January 1 State and local agencies and school districts located in the Metropolitan
area must provide at least 3 recycling containers
The OWM shall submit a plastics report and recommendations to the
legislature
June 30 The OWM shall submit a report on mechanism to indicate products that are
environmentally sound to the Legislature and the LCWM
July 1 Distribution of county pass- through funding (NOTE: counties are
required to amend solid waste management plans to include a revised
recycling section, a recycling implementation strategy and a household
hazardous waste section)
The Department of Administration presents a cooperative purchasing plan
to the LCWM and implements a strategy
August 1 Counties submit recycling progress & pass- through financial reports for
previous year
Prior to school Amended state education rules regarding waste eduction become effective
year 1991 -92
November 1 The MPCA presents a progress report on establishing permanent HHW
collection sites to the LCWM
The OWM presents recycling progress and financial reports to the House
and Senate Appropriation & Finance committees and the LCWM
The OWM reports on their household battery activities and
recommendations for legislation to the LCWM
1 992 July 1 Distribution of county pass- through funding
June 30 All Minnesota counties must implement a household hazardous waste
management plan which includes at least quarterly collection of HHW at
established permanent facilities in the Metro Area
The MPCA may not grant or renew a permit for a solid waste facility that
has not submitted a household hazardous waste plan
August 1 Counties submit recycling progress & pass- through financial reports for
previous year
November 1 The OWM presents recycling progress and financial reports to the House
and Senate Appropriation & Finance committees and the LCWM
The MPCA shall report the findings of a statewide waste composition study
to the LCWM
1993 January 1 State and local agencies and school districts located in Greater Minnesota
must provide at least 3 recycling containers
July 1 Distribution of county pass- through funding
August 1 Counties submit recycling progress & pass- through financial reports for
previous year
November 1 The OWM presents recycling progress and financial reports to the House
and Senate Appropriation & Finance committees and the LCWM
December 31 Recycling goals mature (goals include traditional recyclables, yard waste,
used oil, tires, lead acid batteries and major appliances):
- Department of Administration must recycle 40% of state agencies
waste;
- Metropolitan counties must recycle 35% of their solid waste; and
- Greater Minnesota counties must recycle 25% of their solid waste
1994 July 1 Distribution of county pass- through funding
August 1 Counties submit recycling progress & pass- through financial reports for
previous year
November 1 The OWM presents recycling progress and financial reports to the House
and Senate Appropriation & Finance committees and the LCWM
(8/23/89)
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C' (19
4 September Ai i T o w
1999 i
•
•
- • ' , .. PLASTICS r' ° •• 1 * . ,
!RECYCLING i v . \ , f,
y 1 � is
•
. i'll\f) ' ... N ''.' :
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Interest p lastics recycling grows • ou probably don't realize that your used Icction methods are inefficient because plastic doesn't
plastic ketchup bottles can he made into weigh much but does take up a lot of space, forcing
automobile parts. Or that the pillow you haulers to make more trips to the curbs.
sleep on at night may have once been a "Plastic presents a unique challenge because of our
plastic soda bottle. conflicting attitudes toward it," said Michael Robert -
Plastics recycling technology is improving and son. director of the Minnesota Office of Waste
markets for recyclahles arc expanding. according to Management. "Plastics are convenient; yet they pre
panelists at a conference on plastics held in St. Paul sent a serious waste management problem"
in August. A Metro Arca citizen throws away an average of 100
The conference. a national first, was sponsored by pounds of plastic a year. That amounts to 260,000
the Minnesota Office of Waste Management. League tons for the entire region, enough to 1111 nearly four
of Minnesota Cities, Association of Minnesota Coun- Metrodomes, according to Christine Olsenius, en-
tics. Minnesota Association of Townships, and vironmental consultant. By 2000, the amount of
Recycling Association of Minnesota. It was partially plastic waste is expected to double. Council planners
funded by a grant from the Metropolitan Council. estimate the region is currently recycling less than five
Minneapolis and St. Paul have already attracted percent of its plastic waste.
national attention for their efforts to reduce plastic That increase means that new markets must he
waste in landfills by banning certain kinds of food and developed so customers that buy s}oste or recycled
beverage packaging. The two big cities and several plastics will keep buying them, Pearson said. Today.
suhmhs recently passed ordinances prohibiting stores plastic in soda bottles and milk containers can be
and restaurants from selling food items in containers recycled into other containers, carpet fibers and
that are not degradable. returnable, recyclable or that clothing. Researchers are exploring markets for food
are available in other. recyclable packaging. The containers and mixed plastics, which arc made into
ordinances will take effect in mid - 1990. substitute lumber.
"Technology in the plastics industry is vast;" said "Source separation of recyclahles is only the first
Wwne Pearson, executive director of the New Jersey- half of the recycling loop;' said Council Member
based Plastics Recvcling Foundation. Inc. "Don't Dottie Rictow. "We need end markets and we have to
restrict soot imagination by thinking that you can't use recyclable products"
recycle plastics, bcc:utse you can." St. Louis Park is the largest of about two dozen
That's good news, since Metro Arca landfills are cities in the region that currently have curbside or
beginning to reach capacity while use of plastics is drop -off recycling programs, Council planners
increasing. Its also good news for plastics recyclers estimate. As more people become aware of plastics
who sink a lot of money into recycling hut don't get recycling and participate in curbside collection pro-
much out grants, money will he saved. the system will he more
1lnlike aluminum cans or glass honks, the file efficient and plastic will he as recyclable in the 1990s,
major ‘arictics of plasti, mast he separated so they as aluminum is today, panelists said. •
don't contaminate each i.) A .. ,. nt ,, , -sine Col- Lisa Harden
4